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Limited effects of Antarctic ozone depletion on sea urchin development

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Abstract

The sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri, has a circumpolar distribution and is an abundant species in benthic communities of the Antarctic. Reproduction occurs during austral spring, when ozone concentrations over the past 25 years have been reduced by 50% or more, potentially exposing the planktonic embryos and larvae to elevated levels of UVB. During spring of 1996, cultures of S. neumayeri embryos incubated under ambient and partitioned sunlight (minus UVB) at static depths between 0 and 7 m were analyzed for DNA damage [cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs)] and morphological abnormalities. At 0-m and 1-m depths, nearly 100% of embryos developed abnormally, even under UVB-shielded conditions where little or no DNA damage accumulated. At depths >3 m, reduced or no abnormality was evident and DNA damage was negligible. Although UVB contributed to 0–65% of solar-induced abnormalities, the mean contribution was 11±17% and UVB was not primarily responsible for observed defects in urchin development. Moreover, developmental responses were not linearly related to ambient UVB gradients as might be expected, but are better characterized relative to threshold levels of total UVB exposure. Accumulated exposures of ≤25 kJ m−2 ambient UVB caused minimal DNA damage and allowed normal embryological development to proceed. Higher UVB exposures (especially ≥80 kJ m−2) precluded normal development. An ancillary threshold limit of 17 CPDs mb−1 has been identified as the level of DNA damage that proscribes abnormal development. While higher wavelengths of UVA and visible light are not affected by ozone concentration and do not initiate significant CPD DNA damage, they did interfere significantly with the embryological development of S. neumayeri. It is concluded that exposure to increased UVB during recent Antarctic ozone-depletion cycles probably has only a small degree of impact relative to the magnitude of other solar effects on the developmental success of Sterechinus embryos, or compared to spawning seasons before ozone depletion (i.e., years prior to 1978).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank and express our appreciation to the people who contributed their expertise to this study. Ross Hein, Andy Opett and Greg Wardle were members of the Antarctic field team; Antarctic Support Associates (ASA, contractor to the U.S. Antarctic Program) personnel at Palmer Station provided logistics support for fieldwork; John Booth (ASA) compiled local weather data files; ozone data were made available by Richard McPeters (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center); accessing and processing light data from the NSF UV Monitoring Network were facilitated by Jim Ehramjian and Germar Bernhard (Biospherical Instruments); Victor Truong, Maureen Kennedy and Megan Lowery assisted with the DNA analyses; and reviewers provided helpful comments and suggestions for improvement of this manuscript. The U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs awards number 9528241 to D.K. and number 9528089 to I.B. supported this research. All experiments conducted comply with the current regulations governing research in Antarctica and the United States.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117-1080, USA

    D. Karentz

  2. Department of Biology, State University of New York, Geneseo, NY 14454-1460, USA

    I. Bosch

  3. Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA

    D. M. Mitchell

Authors
  1. D. Karentz
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  2. I. Bosch
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  3. D. M. Mitchell
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Karentz.

Additional information

Communicated by P.W. Sammarco, Chauvin

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Karentz, D., Bosch, I. & Mitchell, D.M. Limited effects of Antarctic ozone depletion on sea urchin development. Marine Biology 145, 277–292 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1310-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1310-1

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