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Larval metamorphosis of the sea urchins, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Anthocidaris crassispina in response to microbial films

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Abstract

In Japan, mass-production of sea urchin juveniles involves the culture of periphytic diatom films on plastic plates in 5- to 15-tonne tanks for the induction of larval metamorphosis. This study focused on the larval response of sea urchins, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Anthocidaris crassispina, to natural microbial films in the sea and diatom-based films formed in the tanks. The effect of diatoms and bacteria on larval metamorphosis was also examined using laboratory-cultured diatom-based films in the presence of germanium dioxide and antibiotics during film culture. Furthermore, the nature of the cue of the cultured diatom-based film was also investigated. Results showed that P. depressus and A. crassispina metamorphosed both on natural microbial films and diatom-based films in a tank. In the sea, the metamorphosis (%) of P. depressus increased gradually in accordance with the immersion period of film formed on glass slides, whereas the larval metamorphosis of A. crassispina had a bell-shaped response curve. In the tank, although the diatom-based films showed a low inducing activity for larval metamorphosis of A. crassispina, the metamorphosis of P. depressus larvae increased linearly in accordance with the diatom density. These results suggest that diatom-based films could promote the larval metamorphosis of P. depressus, but are less important in A. crassispina. In a simultaneous larval assay (May), P. depressus showed a higher percentage of metamorphosis than A. crassispina. We concluded that the former is more sensitive to diatom-based film than the latter and that this is due to differences in their natural habitats. For laboratory-cultured diatom-based film, both species of sea urchins showed a similar response, in which reduction in diatom and bacteria density resulted in a decrease in the original inducing activity. There seems to be a synergistic effect between diatom and bacteria in inducing larval metamorphosis. Films subjected to treatment with 0.1 N HCl were no longer inductive for either sea urchin, while those films treated with 40°C heat or EtOH (5% and 10% EtOH) showed a significant reduction in the inducing activity. Thus the surface-associated cues may be highly susceptible to the above treatments.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff of the fish farming centers in Saga and Nagasaki City for providing us with sea urchin larvae and for making their facilities available. The first author acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan and the Malaysian government for providing a fellowship during the study period.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1–14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, 852–8521, Nagasaki, Japan

    S. A. K. A. Rahim & J.-Y. Li

  2. Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1–14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, 852–8521, Nagasaki, Japan

    H. Kitamura

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  1. S. A. K. A. Rahim
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  2. J.-Y. Li
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  3. H. Kitamura
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Correspondence to S. A. K. A. Rahim.

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Communicated by T. Ikeda, Hakodate

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Rahim, S.A.K.A., Li, JY. & Kitamura, H. Larval metamorphosis of the sea urchins, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Anthocidaris crassispina in response to microbial films. Marine Biology 144, 71–78 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1171-z

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