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Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages

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Abstract

A hierarchical sampling design, spanning five orders of magnitude (from 10s of metres to 100s of kilometres) was created in order to quantify the multi-scale spatial variability of visually censused rocky reef fish assemblages in the western Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that species abundance and the biomass of reef fish populations is higher within than outside marine reserves, and that a north-to-south geographical gradient of these variables exists. We also explored the relationship between the fish assemblage and habitat structure, as an environmental factor likely to account for an important part of the observed variability. The mixed analyses of variance revealed that total abundance and biomass, species richness and abundance and biomass of several target species reached higher average values within marine reserves. Nevertheless, some non-protected localities (e.g. Aguilas) harboured richer and more abundant fish assemblages than some marine reserves. In addition, regional variation, attributable to differences in local carrying capacity and hydroclimatic conditions, are also shown across the studied area. Moreover, the studied assemblage is patchy at small and/or intermediate spatial scales, considering both assemblage descriptors (total abundance and biomass, species richness), and the abundance and biomass of fish species and spatial categories. Detected patterns were different depending on the species and assemblage variables analysed. Differences in habitat structure account for a significant proportion of total variability of the studied variables, and are likely to be responsible for a large part of the observed differences, especially at small-to-intermediate spatial scales. Other factors—spatial variability in larval distribution, settlement and/or post-settlement survival–are discussed in order to explain the observed differences. We concluded that causes of the observed patchiness of Mediterranean reef fish assemblages are probably multiple. Long-term, multi-scale spatial and temporal monitoring actions, as well as process-oriented manipulative experiments are urgently needed in order to ascertain the relative importance of each factor.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank very especially Dr. J. Mas (Director of the Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía) for providing the opportunity to study the Cabrera National Park, the Columbretes Natural Park, and the coast of Mallorca. Also, thanks are due to the crew of the oceanographic vessel "F. de Paula Navarro", and to José Guirado, Director of the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, for their support during the fieldwork. C. Valle and T. Vega provided invaluable field assistance. Thanks are also expressed to Dr. C. Marcos for her continuous support and help. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Serge Planes and five anonymous referees for their constructive and invaluable criticism of the manuscript. This study was financed in part by projects CICYT AMB94–0365-CO3 and CICYT MAR98–0449-CO2, and supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the "Fundación Séneca" (Autonomous Government of Murcia) to J.A.G.C.

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  1. J. A. García-Charton

    Present address: Depto. Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d'Ichtyoécologie Tropicale et Méditerranéenne, EPHE—UMR 8046 CNRS, Université de Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan cedex, France

    J. A. García-Charton

  2. Depto. C. Ambientales y Rec. Naturales, Universidad de Alicante, Aptdo. 99, 03080 , Alicante, Spain

    P. Sánchez-Jerez

  3. Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, IEO, Apdo. 291, 07080, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    O. Reñones

  4. C./ Araña, apartamentos Las Dunas 2, 04150 , Cabo de Gata, Almería, Spain

    D. Moreno

  5. Depto. Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Á. Pérez-Ruzafa

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  1. J. A. García-Charton
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  2. Á. Pérez-Ruzafa
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  3. P. Sánchez-Jerez
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  4. J. T. Bayle-Sempere
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Correspondence to J. A. García-Charton.

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Communicated by S. A. Poulet, Roscoff

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García-Charton, J.A., Pérez-Ruzafa, Á., Sánchez-Jerez, P. et al. Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages. Marine Biology 144, 161–182 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1170-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1170-0

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