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An effervescence-assisted switchable fatty acid-based microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in seawater, sediment, and seafood

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Abstract

This study developed a new effervescence-assisted switchable fatty acid-based microextraction combined with solidification of a floating organic-droplet (EA-SFAM-SFO) for simple and rapid determination of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in seawater, sediment, and seafood. Five medium-chain fatty acids (pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, and nonanoic acid) were tested as an extraction solvent, given their ability to change between hydrophobic and hydrophilic forms by pH adjustment. As nonanoic acid had the highest extraction recovery (>92%) for the six antibiotics and the ability to transform from liquid to a solidified floating state at low temperature, it was selected as the optimum extraction solvent. The prominent advantages of the newly developed method are: (1) reaction between the procedures salt and fatty acid changed extraction solvent from the hydrophobic to hydrophilic state; (2) bubbling with CO2 greatly increased the contact area between fatty acid and analytes resulting in improved extraction recovery; and (3) solidification of the fatty acid at a low temperature provided good separation and avoided the use of specialized equipment. Single-factor screening and optimization of the main factors were conducted using Plackett-Burman design and central composite design, respectively. The main parameters were optimized as follows: 258 μL fatty acid, 406 μL H2SO4 (98%), 3.9 min vortex time, and 354 μL Na2CO3 (2 mol L-1). Under optimized conditions, limits of detection were 0.007–0.113 μg L-1 or μg kg-1 and extraction recoveries were 82.2%–116.7% for six fluoroquinolone and tetracycline antibiotics in seawater, sediments, and seafood. The newly developed method combines the advantages of effervescence-assisted dispersion, hydrophobic/hydrophilic switchable solvent, and liquid/solid transition induced by low temperature. Overall, the new method is simple, quick, and environment-friendly with low detection limits and high recoveries. Thus, the newly developed method has excellent prospects for sample pretreatment and analysis of antibiotics in marine environmental and food samples.

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Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41676100 and 21577107).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China

    Ming Gao, Jun Wang, Zhenzhong Zhang & Shaoguo Ru

  2. Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, Shandong, 264006, China

    Xiukai Song & Xin He

  3. Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Randy A. Dahlgren

  4. Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China

    Randy A. Dahlgren & Xuedong Wang

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  1. Ming Gao
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  4. Xin He
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Correspondence to Shaoguo Ru or Xuedong Wang.

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Ming Gao declares that he has no conflict of interest. Jun Wang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Xiukai Song declares that he has no conflict of interest. Xin He declares that he has no conflict of interest. Randy A. Dahlgren declares that he has no conflict of interest. Zhenzhong Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Shaoguo Ru has received research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41676100). Xuedong Wang has received research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21577107).

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Gao, M., Wang, J., Song, X. et al. An effervescence-assisted switchable fatty acid-based microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in seawater, sediment, and seafood. Anal Bioanal Chem 410, 2671–2687 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0942-9

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