Abstract
The iridium(III) complex 1 operates as a versatile platform for molecular logic gates fulfilling multiple logic functions depending on the inputs and the interrogation channels. In the UV-vis channel, it works as an INH, OR, and NINH gate with F− and H2PO4 − as inputs when following the absorbance at 244, 262, and 457 nm, respectively. More importantly, the combination of photoluminescence (PL) intensity ratio (I 700/I 600) and transmittance at 457 nm resulted in the setup of a 1:2 demultiplexer with F− and CO2 as inputs. Finally, a three-input (BF3, F−, and H2PO4 −) full subtractor was realized by integrating the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity at 642 nm and the absorbance at 262 nm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Silva AP, McClenaghan ND. Molecular-scale logic gates. Chem Eur J. 2004;10(3):574–86.
de Silva AP, Uchiyama S. Molecular logic and computing. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007;2(7):399–410.
de Silva AP. Molecular logic gate arrays. Chem Asian J. 2011;6(3):750–66.
Pischel U. Chemical approaches to molecular logic elements for addition and subtraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(22):4026–40.
Pischel U. Digital operations with molecules—advances, challenges, and perspectives. Aust J Chem. 2010;63(2):148–64.
Andréasson J, Pischel U. Smart molecules at work—mimicking advanced logic operations. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39(1):174–88.
Pischel U, Andréasson J, Gust D, Pais VF. Information processing with molecules—quo vadis? ChemPhysChem. 2013;14(1):28–46.
Andréasson J, Pischel U. Molecules with a sense of logic: a progress report. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(5):1053–69.
de Silva PA, Gunaratne NHQ, McCoy CP. A molecular photoionic AND gate based on fluorescent signalling. Nature. 1993;364(6432):42–4.
Magri DC, Brown GJ, McClean GD, de Silva AP. Communicating chemical congregation: a molecular AND logic gate with three chemical inputs as a “lab-on-a-molecule” prototype. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128(15):4950–1.
Bozdemir OA, Guliyev R, Buyukcakir O, Selcuk S, Kolemen S, et al. Selective manipulation of ICT and PET Processes in styryl-Bodipy derivatives: applications in molecular logic and fluorescence sensing of metal ions. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(23):8029–36.
Magri DC, Fava MC, Mallia CJ. A sodium-enabled ‘Pourbaix sensor’: a three-input AND logic gate as a ‘lab-on-a-molecule’ for monitoring Na+, pH and pE. Chem Commun. 2014;50(8):1009–11.
Chhatwal M, Kumar A, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. A pyrene-based optical probe capable of molecular computation using chemical input strings. RSC Adv. 2015;5(64):51678–81.
Magri DC. Photoinduced electron transfer as a design concept for luminescent redox indicators. Analyst. 2015;140(22):7487–95.
Margulies D, Felder CE, Melman G, Shanzer A. A molecular keypad lock: a photochemical device capable of authorizing password entries. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129(2):347–54.
Guo Z, Zhu W, Shen L, Tian H. A fluorophore capable of crossword puzzles and logic memory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(29):5549–53.
Amelia M, Baroncini M, Credi A. A simple unimolecular multiplexer/demultiplexer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008;47(33):6240–3.
Kumar S, Luxami V, Saini R, Kaur D. Superimposed molecular keypad lock and half-subtractor implications in a single fluorophore. Chem Commun. 2009. doi:10.1039/b900131j.
Andréasson J, Straight SD, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. Molecular all-photonic encoder-decoder. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130(33):11122–8.
Remón P, Bälter M, Li S, Andréasson J, Pischel U. An all-photonic molecule-based D flip-flop. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(51):20742–5.
Bälter M, Li S, Nilsson JR, Andréasson J, Pischel U. An all-photonic molecule-based parity generator/checker for error detection in data transmission. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135(28):10230–3.
Cui BB, Tang JH, Yao J, Zhong YW. A molecular platform for multistate near-infrared electrochromism and flip-flop, flip-flap-flop, and ternary memory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015;54(32):9192–7.
Erbas-Cakmak S, Bozdemir OA, Cakmak Y, Akkaya EU. Proof of principle for a molecular 1:2 demultiplexer to function as an autonomously switching theranostic device. Chem Sci. 2013;4(2):858–62.
Ozlem S, Akkaya EU. Thinking outside the silicon box: molecular and logic as an additional layer of selectivity in singlet oxygen generation for photodynamic therapy. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(1):48–9.
Wang J, Katz E. Digital biosensors with built-in logic for biomedical applications—biosensors based on a biocomputing concept. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;398(4):1591–603.
Gupta T, van der Boom ME. Redox-active monolayers as a versatile platform for integrating boolean logic gates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2008;47(29):5322–6.
Silvi S, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Beves JE, Dunphy EL, et al. All-optical integrated logic operations based on chemical communication between molecular switches. Chem Eur J. 2009;15(1):178–85.
Erbas-Cakmak S, Akkaya EU. Cascading of molecular logic gates for advanced functions: a self-reporting, activatable photosensitizer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013;52(43):11364–8.
Guliyev R, Ozturk S, Kostereli Z, Akkaya EU. From virtual to physical: integration of chemical logic gates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011;50(42):9826–31.
Andréasson J, Straight SD, Kodis G, Park CD, Hambourger M, et al. All-photonic molecular half-adder. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128(50):16259–65.
Andréasson J, Straight SD, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. An all-photonic molecular keypad lock. Chem Eur J. 2009;15(16):3936–9.
Singh AK, Yadav PK, Kumari N, Nagarajan R, Mishra L. A light/pH/multiple ion-driven smart switchable module for computing sequential logic operations via a resettable dual-optical readout. J Mater Chem C. 2015;3(46):12123–9.
Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhang HY, Li CJ. A multifunctional arithmetical processor model integrated inside a single molecule. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110(29):14231–5.
Andréasson J, Pischel U, Straight SD, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D. All-photonic multifunctional molecular logic device. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133(30):11641–8.
Luxami V, Kumar S. A differential ICT based molecular probe for multi-ions and multifunction logic circuits. Dalton Trans. 2012;41(15):4588–93.
Chen SJ, Yang YH, Wu Y, Tian H, Zhu WH. Multi-addressable photochromic terarylene containing benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxide unit as ethene bridge: multifunctional molecular logic gates on unimolecular platform. J Mater Chem. 2012;22(12):5486–94.
Kumar A, Chhatwal M, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. Chemically-driven “molecular logic circuit” based on osmium chromophore with a resettable multiple readout. Rsc Adv. 2015;5(7):5217–20.
Singh AK. A fast and selective probe for detection of CN− and F− in water along with a sequential molecular logic circuit via resettable optical readout. RSC Adv. 2015;5(38):30187–91.
Singh AK, Nagarajan R. A sequential logic gate-based “smart probe” for selective monitoring of Cu2+, Fe3+ and CN−/F− via differential analyses. Dalton Trans. 2015;44(46):19786–90.
Ceroni P, Bergamini G, Balzani V. Old molecules, new concepts: [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a molecular encoder-decoder. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(45):8516–8.
Cui BB, Yao CJ, Yao JN, Zhong YW. Electropolymerized films as a molecular platform for volatile memory devices with two near-infrared outputs and long retention time. Chem Sci. 2014;5(3):932–41.
Schmittel M, Lin HW. Quadruple-channel sensing: a molecular sensor with a single type of receptor site for selective and quantitative multi-ion analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(6):893–6.
Berni E, Gosse I, Badocco D, Pastore P, Sojic N, Pinet S. Differential photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent detection of anions with a modified ruthenium(II)–bipyridyl complex. Chem Eur J. 2009;15(20):5145–52.
Shu Q, Birlenbach L, Schmittel M. A bis(ferrocenyl)phenanthroline iridium(III) complex as a lab-on-a-molecule for cyanide and fluoride in aqueous solution. Inorg Chem. 2012;51(24):13123–7.
Chen K, Schmittel M. An iridium(iii)-based lab-on-a-molecule for cysteine/homocysteine and tryptophan using triple-channel interrogation. Analyst. 2013;138(22):6742–5.
Chen K, Bats JW, Schmittel M. Iridium-based lab-on-a-molecule for Hg2+ and ClO− with two distinct light-up emissions. Inorg Chem. 2013;52(22):12863–5.
Schmittel M, Qinghai S. A lab-on-a-molecule for anions in aqueous solution: using Kolbe electrolysis and radical methylation at iridium for sensing. Chem Commun. 2012;48(21):2707–9.
Chen K, Schmittel M. A triple-channel lab-on-a-molecule for triple-anion quantification using an iridium(III)-imidazolium conjugate. Chem Commun. 2014;50(43):5756–9.
Chen K, Shu Q, Schmittel M. Design strategies for lab-on-a-molecule probes and orthogonal sensing. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(1):136–60.
Cui BB, Zhong YW, Yao J. Three-state near-infrared electrochromism at the molecular scale. J Am Chem Soc. 2015;137(12):4058–61.
Zhan W, Crooks RM. Microelectrochemical logic circuits. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125(33):9934–5.
Lin WP, Tan Q, Liang H, Zhang KY, Liu SJ, et al. Phosphorescence switch and logic gate of iridium(III) complexes containing a triarylboron moiety triggered by fluoride and an electric field. J Mater Chem C. 2015;3(9):1883–7.
Leung CH, Chan DS, He HZ, Cheng Z, Yang H, Ma DL. Luminescent detection of DNA-binding proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(3):941–55.
Lu LH, Chan DSH, Kwong DWJ, He HZ, Leung CH, Ma DL. Detection of nicking endonuclease activity using a G-quadruplex-selective luminescent switch-on probe. Chem Sci. 2014;5(12):4561–8.
Lin S, Gao W, Tian ZR, Yang C, Lu LH, et al. Luminescence switch-on detection of protein tyrosine kinase-7 using a G-quadruplex-selective probe. Chem Sci. 2015;6(7):4284–90.
Liu Z, Sadler PJ. Organoiridium complexes: anticancer agents and catalysts. Acc Chem Res. 2014;47(4):1174–85.
Margulies D, Melman G, Shanzer A. A molecular full-adder and full-subtractor, an additional step toward a moleculator. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128(14):4865–71.
Ding L, Zhang Z, Pei T, Liang S, Wang S, et al. Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors for use as pass transistors in integrated logic gates and full subtractor circuits. ACS Nano. 2012;6(5):4013–9.
Lin HY, Chen JZ, Li HY, Yang CN. A simple three-input DNA-based system works as a full-subtractor. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10686.
Ma DL, He HZ, Chan DSH, Leung CH. Simple DNA-based logic gates responding to biomolecules and metal ions. Chem Sci. 2013;4(9):3366–80.
Liu Z, Qi W, Xu G. Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(10):3117–42.
Chang BY, Crooks JA, Chow KF, Mavré F, Crooks RM. Design and operation of microelectrochemical gates and integrated circuits. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(43):15404–9.
Bard AJ. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004.
Richter MM. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Chem Rev. 2004;104(6):3003–36.
Miao W. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence and its biorelated applications. Chem Rev. 2008;108(7):2506–53.
Hu L, Xu G. Applications and trends in electrochemiluminescence. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39(8):3275–304.
Riduan SN, Zhang Y, Ying JY. Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol with silanes over N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(18):3322–5.
Guo Z, Song NR, Moon JH, Kim M, Jun EJ, et al. A benzobisimidazolium-based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensor for CO2. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134(43):17846–9.
He Y, Yu H. Multifunctional gold nanoparticles as signal transducers for fabrication of 1:2 molecular demultiplexer. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407(22):6741–6.
Darwish TA, Evans RA, James M, Malic N, Triani G, Hanley TL. CO2 triggering and controlling orthogonally multiresponsive photochromic systems. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132(31):10748–55.
Darwish TA, Evans RA, Hanley TL. Spiropyran, chromene and spirooxazine, mélange á trois: molecular logic systems through selective and reversible deactivation of photochromism mediated by CO2 gas. Dyes Pigments. 2012;92(2):817–24.
Pan ZH, Luo GG, Zhou JW, Xia JX, Fang K, Wu RB. A simple BODIPY-aniline-based fluorescent chemosensor as multiple logic operations for the detection of pH and CO2 gas. Dalton Trans. 2014;43(22):8499–507.
Acknowledgments
We thank the DFG (Schm 647/17-1) and the University of Siegen for generous financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Published in the topical collection Analytical Electrochemiluminescence with guest editors Hua Cui, Francesco Paolucci, Neso Sojic, and Guobao Xu.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, K., Schmittel, M. An iridium(III) complex as a versatile platform for molecular logic gates: an integrated full subtractor and 1:2 demultiplexer. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 7077–7083 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9443-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9443-x