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Enzyme-based logic gates and circuits—analytical applications and interfacing with electronics

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Abstract

The paper is an overview of enzyme-based logic gates and their short circuits, with specific examples of Boolean AND and OR gates, and concatenated logic gates composed of multi-step enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions. Noise formation in the biocatalytic reactions and its decrease by adding a “filter” system, converting convex to sigmoid response function, are discussed. Despite the fact that the enzyme-based logic gates are primarily considered as components of future biomolecular computing systems, their biosensing applications are promising for immediate practical use. Analytical use of the enzyme logic systems in biomedical and forensic applications is discussed and exemplified with the logic analysis of biomarkers of various injuries, e.g., liver injury, and with analysis of biomarkers characteristic of different ethnicity found in blood samples on a crime scene. Interfacing of enzyme logic systems with modified electrodes and semiconductor devices is discussed, giving particular attention to the interfaces functionalized with signal-responsive materials. Future perspectives in the design of the biomolecular logic systems and their applications are discussed in the conclusion.

Various applications and signal-transduction methods are reviewed for enzyme-based logic systems

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Abbreviations

α-KTG:

α-Ketoglutaric acid

Abs:

Optical absorbance

ABTS:

2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

ABTSox :

Oxidized ABTS (colored product)

AcCh:

Acetylcholine

AcChE:

Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme EC 3.1.1.7)

ADH:

Alcohol dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.1)

ADP:

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate

Ala:

Alanine (amino acid)

ALT:

Alanine transaminase (enzyme EC 2.6.1.2)

Asc:

Ascorbic acid

ATP:

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate

Be:

Betaine (product of choline oxidation)

BuCh:

Butyrylcholine

ChO:

Choline oxidase (enzyme EC 1.1.3.17)

CK:

Creatine kinase (enzyme EC 2.7.3.2)

Crt:

Creatine

CrtP:

Creatine phosphate

DHA:

Dehydroascorbic acid (product of ascorbic acid oxidation)

EIS:

Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor

G6PDH:

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.49)

GDH:

Glucose dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.47)

Glc:

Glucose

Glc6P:

Glucose-6-phosphate

Glc6PA:

Gluconate-6-phosphate acid (product of Glc6P oxidation)

GlcA:

Gluconic acid

GOx:

Glucose oxidase (enzyme EC 1.1.3.4)

Glu:

Glutamate (amino acid, salt form)

HK:

Hexokinase (enzyme EC 2.7.1.1)

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase (enzyme EC 1.11.1.7)

ITO:

Indium tin oxide (electrode)

Lac:

Lactate

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.27)

MP-11:

Microperoxidase-11

MPh:

Maltose phosphorylase (enzyme EC 2.4.1.8)

NAD+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced

P4VP:

Poly(4-vinyl pyridine)

PEP:

Phospho(enol)pyruvic acid

Pi:

Inorganic phosphate

PK:

Pyruvate kinase (enzyme EC 2.7.1.40)

PQQ:

Pyrroloquinoline quinone

Pyr:

Pyruvate

Va :

Alternative voltage applied between the conducting support and reference electrode of the EIS device

Vbias :

Constant (bias) voltage applied between the conducting support and reference electrode of the EIS device

VFB :

Flat-band voltage of the EIS device

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Acknowledgments

The research at Clarkson University (E.K.) was supported by the USA National Science Foundation, NSF (Awards CBET-1403208).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5810, USA

    Evgeny Katz

  2. Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany

    Arshak Poghossian & Michael J. Schöning

  3. Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany

    Arshak Poghossian & Michael J. Schöning

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  1. Evgeny Katz
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  2. Arshak Poghossian
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  3. Michael J. Schöning
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Correspondence to Evgeny Katz, Arshak Poghossian or Michael J. Schöning.

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Katz, E., Poghossian, A. & Schöning, M.J. Enzyme-based logic gates and circuits—analytical applications and interfacing with electronics. Anal Bioanal Chem 409, 81–94 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0079-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-0079-7

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