Suture tape augmentation of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament increases load to failure in simulated posterolateral rotatory instability

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy volume 29, pages284–291(2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

Simple elbow dislocations are accompanied with lateral ulnar collateral ligament ruptures. For persisting instability, surgery is indicated to prevent chronic posterolateral rotatory instability. After lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex repair the repair is protected by temporary immobilization, limited range of motion and hinged bracing. Internal bracing is an operative alternative augmenting the LCL repair using non-absorbable suture tapes. However, the stability of LCL repair with and without additional augmentation remains unclear. The hypothesis was that LCL repair with additional suture tape augmentation would improve load to failure. Secondary goal of this study was to evaluate different humeral fixation techniques. A humeral fixation using separate anchors for the LCL repair and the augmentation was not expected to provide superior stability compared to using only one single anchor.

Methods

Twenty-one elbows were tested. A cyclic varus rotational torque of 0.5–3.5 Nm was applied in 90°, 60°, 30°, and 120° elbow flexion to the intact, torn, and repaired LCLs. The specimens were randomized into three groups: repair alone (group I), repair with additional internal bracing using two anchors (group II), repair using one humeral anchor (group III). A load-to-failure protocol was conducted.

Results

Load to failure was significantly higher in groups II (26.6 Nm; P = 0.017) and III (23.18 Nm; P = 0.038) than in group I (12.13 Nm). No significant difference was observed between group II and III. All specimens lost reduction after LCL dissection by a mean of 4.48° ± 4.99° (range 0.66–15.82). The mean reduction gain after repair was 7.21° ± 4.97° (2.70–21.23; mean over reduction, 2.73°). The laxity was comparable between the intact and repaired LCLs (n.s.), except for varus movements at 30° in group II (P = 0.035) and 30° (P = 0.001) and 120° in group III (P = 0.008) with significantly less laxity. Inserting the ulnar suture anchor showed failure in the thread in 10 cases.

Conclusion

LCL repair with additional internal bracing yielded higher load to failure than repair alone. Repair with additional internal bracing for the humeral side using one anchor was sufficient. A higher primary stability would facilitate postoperative management and allow immediate functional treatment. Reducing the number of humeral anchors would save costs.

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Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the AGA—Society for Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery (AGA—Gesellschaft für Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie). Arthrex GmbH (Naples, USA) supported the study with implants.

Funding

Funding was provided by AGA - Gesellschaft für Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie (Grant No. 70).

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical School Hannover, DIAKOVERE Annastift, Anna-von-Borries-Straße 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Alexander Ellwein, Luca Füßler, Tomas Smith & Marc-Frederic Pastor

  2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, DIAKOVERE Friederikenstift, Humboldtstr. 5, 30169, Hannover, Germany

    Alexander Ellwein & Helmut Lill

  3. Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Medical School Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Manuel Ferle

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  1. Alexander Ellwein
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  2. Luca Füßler
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Contributions

AE: Conception and design of the study, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the article, final approval of the version to be submitted. LF: Acquisition of data, final approval of the version to be submitted. MF: Conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, final approval of the version to be submitted. TS: Revising the article critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be submitted. HL: Conception and design of the study, revising the article critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be submitted. MFP: Conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of the article, final approval of the version to be submitted.

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Correspondence to Alexander Ellwein.

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Conflict of interest

H.L. is a consultant for Arthrex. A.E. received a speaker’s honorarium from Arthrex. All other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or with comparable ethical standards.

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Ellwein, A., Füßler, L., Ferle, M. et al. Suture tape augmentation of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament increases load to failure in simulated posterolateral rotatory instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 29, 284–291 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-05918-5

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Keywords

  • Elbow dislocation
  • Augmentation
  • Posterolateral rotatory instability
  • Reconstruction
  • Lateral ulnar collateral ligament
  • LUCL
  • Cadaveric human elbow