Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to determine patient and anatomic factors that influence anteroposterior and rotational laxity in knees with ACL tears. Based on the findings of biomechanical studies, we hypothesized that static and dynamic anterior tibial translation (ATT) as well as positive pivot shift would increase with female gender, tibial slope, and meniscal tears.
Methods
The authors prospectively collected preoperative data and intraoperative findings of 417 patients that underwent ACL reconstruction. The exclusion criteria were: revision ACL procedures (n = 53), other surgical antecedents (n = 27), prior osteotomies (n = 7) or concomitant ligament tears on the ipsilateral knee (n = 34), and history of ACL tears in the contralateral knee (n = 45), leaving a study cohort of 251 patients. Their preoperative anteroposterior knee laxity was assessed objectively using ‘static’ monopodal weight-bearing radiographs and ‘dynamic’ instrumented differential measurements of ATT. Rotational laxity was assessed subjectively using the pivot shift test.
Results
Multivariable regression showed that static ATT increases only with tibial slope (β = 0.30; p < 0.001), but dynamic ATT increases with tibial slope (β = 0.19; p = 0.041), medial meniscal tears (β = 1.27; p = 0.007), complete ACL tears (β = 2.06; p < 0.001), and to decrease with age (β = − 0.09; p < 0.001). Multivariable regression also indicated that high-grade pivot shift decreases with age (OR 0.94; p < 0.001) and for women (OR 0.25; p < 0.001), and to be higher for knees with complete ACL tears (OR 3.04; p = 0.002) or medial meniscal tears (OR 2.28; p = 0.010).
Conclusion
Contrary to expectations based on biomechanical studies, static ATT was only affected by high posterior tibial slope, while dynamic ATT was affected by both high posterior tibial slopes and medial meniscal tears, but not by gender or lateral meniscal tears. Likewise, pivot shift was affected by gender and medial meniscal tears, but not lateral meniscal tears or posterior tibial slope. These findings are relevant to guide surgeons in optimizing their surgical procedures, such as conserving the menisci when possible, and rehabilitation protocols, by delaying full weight-bearing and return to sports in patients with anatomic and lesional risk factors.
Level of evidence
Cohort study, Level IV.
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Abbreviations
- ATT:
-
Anterior tibial translation
- PST:
-
Pivot shift test
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance image
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- SSD:
-
Side-to-side difference
- IKDC:
-
International Knee Documentation Committee
- SPV:
-
Subject per variable
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DD participated in study design, data collection, literature review, and manuscript writing. MP participated in study design, data collection, and manuscript writing. JV participated in literature review and manuscript writing. LN participated in statistical analysis, tables’ preparation, and manuscript editing. MS participated in study design, literature review, and manuscript writing. GD participated in study design, data collection, and manuscript editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Dejour, D., Pungitore, M., Valluy, J. et al. Preoperative laxity in ACL-deficient knees increases with posterior tibial slope and medial meniscal tears. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 27, 564–572 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5180-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5180-3