Abstract
Efficient spectrographs at large telescopes have made it possible to obtain high-resolution spectra of stars with high signal-to-noise ratio and advances in model atmosphere analyses have enabled estimates of high-precision differential abundances of the elements from these spectra, i.e. with errors in the range 0.01–0.03 dex for F, G, and K stars. Methods to determine such high-precision abundances together with precise values of effective temperatures and surface gravities from equivalent widths of spectral lines or by spectrum synthesis techniques are outlined, and effects on abundance determinations from using a 3D non-LTE analysis instead of a classical 1D LTE analysis are considered. The determination of high-precision stellar abundances of the elements has led to the discovery of unexpected phenomena and relations with important bearings on the astrophysics of galaxies, stars, and planets, i.e. (i) Existence of discrete stellar populations within each of the main Galactic components (disk, halo, and bulge) providing new constraints on models for the formation of the Milky Way. (ii) Differences in the relation between abundances and elemental condensation temperature for the Sun and solar twins suggesting dust-cleansing effects in proto-planetary disks and/or engulfment of planets by stars; (iii) Differences in chemical composition between binary star components and between members of open or globular clusters showing that star- and cluster-formation processes are more complicated than previously thought; (iv) Tight relations between some abundance ratios and age for solar-like stars providing new constraints on nucleosynthesis and Galactic chemical evolution models as well as the composition of terrestrial exoplanets. We conclude that if stellar abundances with precisions of 0.01–0.03 dex can be achieved in studies of more distant stars and stars on the giant and supergiant branches, many more interesting future applications, of great relevance to stellar and galaxy evolution, are probable. Hence, in planning abundance surveys, it is important to carefully balance the need for large samples of stars against the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio needed to obtain high-precision abundances. Furthermore, it is an advantage to work differentially on stars with similar atmospheric parameters, because then a simple 1D LTE analysis of stellar spectra may be sufficient. However, when determining high-precision absolute abundances or differential abundance between stars having more widely different parameters, e.g. metal-poor stars compared to the Sun or giants to dwarfs, then 3D non-LTE effects must be taken into account.
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Notes
A solar twin is usually defined as a star having atmospheric parameters agreeing with those of the Sun within \(\pm 100\) K in effective temperature and \(\pm 0.10\) dex in surface gravity and metallicity.
For two elements, A and B, with number densities \(N_{\mathrm{A}}\) and \(N_{\mathrm{B}}\), [A/B] \(\equiv \log (N_{\mathrm{A}}/N_{\mathrm{B}})_{\mathrm{star}}\,\, - \,\,\log (N_{\mathrm{A}}/N_{\mathrm{B}})_{\mathrm{Sun}}\).
In an abundance study of 714 Galactic disk stars (Bensby et al. 2014), a record high number of 300 000 spectral lines were measured interactively by Thomas Bensby using the IRAF splot task
For an element X, \(\log \, \epsilon (\mathrm{X}) \equiv \log (N_{\mathrm{X}} / N_{\mathrm{H}}) + 12.0\)
http://vald.astro.uu.se. Note that in many cases it may be proper and important to give a reference to the source of the original data and not only refer to the data base.
The name refers to Annie J. Cannon, who from 1911 to 1915 classified 225 300 stars by visual inspection of Harvard objective prism photographic plates and later published the results as the Henry Draper (HD) catalogue.
As shown by Gilmore and Reid (1983), the distribution of stars as a function of distance from the Galactic plane suggests the existence of two distinct components: the thin disk with a scale height of 300 pc corresponding to a velocity dispersion \(\sigma (W) \simeq 20\) km s\(^{-1}\) and the thick disk having a scale height of 1300 pc and \(\sigma (W) \simeq 40\) km s\(^{-1}\).
This designation is somewhat misleading, because the majority of the metal-rich stars on the high-alpha sequence do not have thick-disk kinematics.
The age comparison refers to ages derived from Yonsei–Yale isochrones (Demarque et al. 2004); as shown by Nissen (2016). ASTEC isochrones (Christensen-Dalsgaard 2008) lead to a somewhat different age scale with 10% higher ages for the oldest (\(\sim 10\) Gyr) stars, probably because the ASTEC models include heavy element diffusion in contrast to the Yonsei–Yale models.
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Acknowledgements
The anonymous referee as well as Anish Amarsi, Paula Jofré, Karin Lind, Jorge Meléndez, and Nils Ryde are thanked for critical reading of a first version of the manuscript and for many helpful suggestions for improvements. Funding for the Stellar Astrophysics Centre is provided by the Danish National Research Foundation (Grant DNRF106).
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Nissen, P.E., Gustafsson, B. High-precision stellar abundances of the elements: methods and applications. Astron Astrophys Rev 26, 6 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-018-0111-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-018-0111-3