Zusammenfassung
Im November 2016 wurden Studiendaten zur Zweitlinientherapie des metastasierten Urothelkarzinoms mit dem PD-1(„programmed cell death protein 1“)-Antikörper Pembrolizumab publiziert, die einen Vorteil im Gesamtüberleben gegenüber einer konventionellen Chemotherapie mit Paclitaxel, Docetaxel oder Vinflunin zeigen. In einer ähnlichen Studie konnte der PD-L1(„programmed cell death ligand 1“)-Antikörper Atezolizumab keinen signifikanten Vorteil gegenüber der Chemotherapie in der Subgruppe PD-L1-positiver Patienten zeigen und verfehlte damit den primären Studienendpunkt. Für andere PD-1/PD-L1-gerichtete Substanzen existieren Daten zu Ansprechen und Gesamtüberleben aus großen Phase-I/II-Studien. Die Substanzklasse der PD-1/PD-L1-Inhibitoren dürfte somit der neue Standard in der Zweitlinientherapie des metastasierten Urothelkarzinoms sein. In randomisierten Phase-III-Studien wird der Einsatz von PD-1/PD-L1-gerichteten Substanzen auch in der Erstlinientherapie des metastasierten Urothelkarzinoms untersucht. Dabei werden verschiedene Therapiestrategien verfolgt: Monotherapien mit PD-1/PD-L1-Inhibitoren sowie deren Kombinationen mit CTLA-4(„cytotoxic t‑lymphocyte-associated protein 4“)-Inhibitoren oder konventioneller Chemotherapie. Es liegen bereits Daten aus einarmigen Phase-II-Studien zur Monotherapie vor. Erste Daten aus randomisierten Studien werden im Laufe des Jahres 2018 erwartet.
Abstract
In November 2016, the results of a phase III clinical trial with the protein cell death (PD)-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma were published and showed an overall survival benefit in comparison with conventional chemotherapy with vinflunine, docetaxel, or paclitaxel. In a similar trial the PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab showed no significant benefit in comparison to chemotherapy in the subgroup of PD-L1-positive patients and, thus, missed its primary endpoint. For other PD-1/PD-L1 directed substances, large phase I/II trials reported data concerning response rates and overall survival. This substance class will most likely become the new treatment standard in second-line treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer. Currently, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are also being tested within randomized phase III trials for first-line treatment using different approaches either as a monotherapy or a combination with conventional chemotherapy or cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 inhibitors. Whereas data from single-arm phase II clinical trials have already been published, preliminary phase III data are expected in 2018.
Literatur
von der Maase H, Sengelov L, Roberts JT et al (2005) Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:4602–4608
Boussiotis VA (2016) Molecular and biochemical aspects of the PD-1 checkpoint pathway. N Engl J Med 375:1767–1778
LeMaoult J, Carosella ED, Schreiber RD et al (2011) Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity‚s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. J Immunol Res 331:1565–1570
Sakaguchi S (2005) Naturally arising Foxp3-expressing CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in immunological tolerance to self and non-self. Nat Immunol 6:345–352
Blank C, Gajewski TF, Mackensen A (2005) Interaction of PD-L1 on tumor cells with PD-1 on tumor-specific T cells as a mechanism of immune evasion: implications for tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 54:307–314
Egen JG, Kuhns MS, Allison JP (2002) CTLA-4: new insights into its biological function and use in tumor immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 3:611–618
Hodi FS, O‘Day SJ, McDermott DF et al (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363:711–723
Galsky MD, Chen GJ, Oh WK et al (2012) Comparative effectiveness of cisplatin-based and carboplatin-based chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol 23:406–410
Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J et al (2011) Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 29:2432–2438
De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G et al (2012) Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol 30:191–199
Balar AV, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE et al (2017) Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 389:67–76
Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG et al (2016) Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 375:1823–1833
Bellmunt J, Theodore C, Demkov T et al (2009) Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol 27:4454–4461
Massard C, Gordon MS, Sharma S et al (2016) Safety and efficacy of durvalumab (MEDI4736), an anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with advanced urothelial bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 34:3119–3125
Sharma P, Callahan MK, Bono P et al (2016) Nivolumab monotherapy in recurrent metastatic urothelial carcinoma (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, two-stage, multi-arm, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:1590–1598
Powles T, Eder JP, Fine GD et al (2014) MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature 515:558–562
Plimack ER, Bellmunt J, Gupta S et al (2017) Safety and activity of pembrolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (KEYNOTE-012): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 1b study. Lancet Oncol 18:212–220
Rosenberg JE, Hoffman-Censits J, Powles T et al (2016) Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 387:1909–1920
Sharma P, Retz M, Siefker-Radtke A et al (2017) Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 18:312–322
Bellmunt J, de Wit R, Vaughn DJ et al (2017) Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med 376(11):1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1613683
Powles T, Duran I, van der Heijden MS et al (2017) Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 391(10122):748–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33297-X
Vaughn DJ, Bellmunt J, Fradet Y et al (2018) Health-related quality-of-life analysis from KEYNOTE-045: A phase III study of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously treated advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9562
Powles T, Duran I, van der Heijden MS et al (2018) Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 391:748–757
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
T. Horn: Vortrags‑/Beratertätigkeit: Roche, MSD, Astellas, BMS, Medac, Ipsen; Reiseunterstützung: Janssen, Bayer. S. Krege gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. M. Retz: Vortrags‑/Beratertätigkeit: Janssen-Cilag, BMS, Roche, MSD, Astellas, Ipsen, Pfizer, Bayer; Reiseunterstützung: Janssen-Cilag, BMS, Roche, Ipsen.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Horn, T., Krege, S. & Retz, M. Fortgeschrittenes Urothelkarzinom. Urologe 57, 686–692 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-018-0626-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-018-0626-2