Skip to main content
Log in

Pathogenese urologischer Komplikationen nach Strahlentherapie

Pathogenesis of urological complications after radiation therapy

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Urologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Strahlentherapie ist eine gängige, häufig eingesetzte uroonkologische Behandlungsmethode. Eine häufige Indikation zur Strahlentherapie im urologischen Bereich ist Behandlung des Prostatakarzinoms. Hier wird sie entweder als primär kurativer Ansatz, oder aber postoperativ als Adjuvans bzw. als sog. Salvagetherapie eingesetzt. In diesem Übersichtsartikel fassen wir die pathogenetischen Mechanismen der Strahlenschäden zusammen und stellen die typischen strahlenbedingten Gewebeveränderungen vor. Zwar können alle urogenitalen Organe Strahlenschäden erleiden, am häufigsten ist jedoch die Harnblase betroffen, welche eine typische Reaktionskaskade zeigt, die akute und späte Veränderungen in einer dosisabhängigen Weise einschließt. Eine Bestrahlung der Prostata zeigt Auswirkungen auf die Harnblase (oft) und seltener auf die Harnröhre (speziell die bulbomembranöse Harnröhre). Eine Harnleiterschädigung mit Strikturbildung ist fast immer eine Folge intraoperativer Radiatio bzw. externer Nachbestrahlung von außerurologischen Malignomen (gynäkologische Organe, Rektum, retroperitoneale Weichteiltumoren). Die postradiotherapeutischen Gewebeveränderungen insbesondere der Prostata können diagnostische Probleme für Urologen und Pathologen verursachen.

Abstract

Radiation therapy is a treatment modality that is often used in the uro-oncological setting. The common indication for the radiation therapy in the urological sphere is prostate cancer, whether it is used primarily as a radical approach, or postoperatively as adjuvant or salvage therapy. All urological organs are sensitive to radiation injury with the urinary bladder being the most susceptible with a typical cascade including acute and late changes, arising in the dose-dependent manner. The common indication for radiation therapy in urology is prostate cancer, which collaterally affects the urinary bladder and rarely urethra (especially the bulbo-membranous urethra). Ureteral damage and stricture formation is almost always restricted to the cases of intraoperative therapy and external beam radiation therapy for other urological malignancies (gynecological organs, rectum, retroperitoneal soft tissue tumors) and should not be underestimated. Postradiotherapeutic tissue changes, especially of the prostate, can cause difficulties for pathologists and urologists with regard to diagnosis of prostate cancer recurrence and salvage therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3
Abb. 4
Abb. 5

Literatur

  1. Bentzen SM, Dörr W, Anscher MS, Denham JW, Hauer-Jensen M, Marks LB, Williams J (2003) Normal tissue effects: reporting and analysis. Semin Radiat Oncol 13:189–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brawer MK, Nagle RB, Pitts W, Freiha F, Gamble SL (1989) Keratin immunoreactivity as an aid to the diagnosis of persistent adenocarcinoma in irradiated human prostates. Cancer 63:454–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Browne C, Davis NF, Mac Craith E, Lennon GM, Mulvin DW, Quinlan DM, Mc Vey GP, Galvin DJ (2015) A narrative review on the pathophysiology and management for radiation cystitis. Adv Urol. doi:10.1155/2015/346812

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Chan TY, Epstein JI (2004) Radiation or chemotherapy cystitis with „pseudocarcinomatous“ features. Am J Surg Pathol 28:909–913

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cheng L, Cheville JC, Bostwick DG (1999) Diagnosis of prostate cancer in needle biopsies after radiation therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1173–1183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. EAU – ESTRO – SIOG Guidelines in Prostate Cancer. www.uroweb.org. Zugegriffen: 8. Okt. 2016

  7. EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. www.uroweb.org. Zugegriffen: 8. Okt. 2016

  8. Elliott SP, Meng MV, Elkin EP, McAninch JW, Duchane J, Carroll PR, CaPSURE Investigators (2007) Incidence of urethral stricture after primary treatment for prostate cancer: data from CaPSURE. J Urol 178:529–534

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fujikawa K, Miyamoto T, Ihara Y, Matsui Y, Takeuchi H (2001) High incidence of severe urologic complications following radiotherapy for cervical cancer in Japanese women. Gynecol Oncol 80:21–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gaudin PB, Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Fuks Z, Reuter VE (1999) Histopathologic effects of three-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy on benign and malignant prostate tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1021–1031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Helpap B (2002) Fundamentals on the pathology of prostatic carcinoma after brachytherapy. World J Urol 20:207–212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hillary CJ, Osman NI, Chapple C (2014) Current trends in urethral stricture management. Asian J Urol 1:46–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoekstra HJ, Heijmans HJ, Cromheecke M, Szabo BG (2000) Normal tissue tolerance to intraoperative radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 26:S5–S9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hubenak JR, Zhang Q, Branch CD, Kronowitz SJ (2014) Mechanisms of injury to normal tissue after radiotherapy: a review. Plast Reconstr Surg 133:49e

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Ishiyama H, Hirayama T, Jhaveri P, Satoh T, Paulino AC, Xu B, Butler EB, Teh BS (2014) Is there an increase in genitourinary toxicity in patients treated with transurethral resection of the prostate and radiotherapy? A systematic review. Am J Clin Oncol 37:297–304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jarosek SL, Virnig BA, Chu H, Elliott SP (2015) Propensity-weighted long-term risk of urinary adverse events after prostate cancer surgery, radiation, or both. Eur Urol 67:273–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liberman D, Mehus B, Elliott SP (2014) Urinary adverse effects of pelvic radiotherapy. Transl Androl Urol 3:186–195

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Magi-Galluzzi C, Sanderson H, Epstein JI (2003) Atypia in nonneoplastic prostate glands after radiotherapy for prostate cancer: duration of atypia and relation to type of radiotherapy. Am J Surg Pathol 27:206–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marks LB, Carroll PR, Dugan TC, Anscher MS (1995) The response of the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter to radiation and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31:1257–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Martens MB, Keller JH (2006) Routine immunohistochemical staining for high-molecular weight cytokeratin 34-beta and alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S) in postirradiation prostate biopsies. Mod Pathol 19:287–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Matei DV, Ferro M, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Renne G, Crisan N, Bottero D, Mazzarella C, Terracciano D, Autorino R, De Cobelli O (2015) Salvage radical prostatectomy after external beam radiation therapy: a systematic review of current approaches. Urol Int 94:373–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Merrick GS, Butler WM, Wallner KE, Galbreath RW, Anderson RL, Allen ZA, Adamovich E (2006) Risk factors for the development of prostate brachytherapy related urethral strictures. J Urol 175:1376–1380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Michalowski A (1986) The pathogenesis of the late side-effects of radiotherapy. Clin Radiol 37:203–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Miller RC, Haddock MG, Petersen IA, Gunderson LL, Furth AF (2006) Intraoperative electron-beam radiotherapy and ureteral obstruction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:792–798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosewall T, Potvin M, Bayley A, Catton C, Currie G, Wheat J, Milosevic M (2011) The effects of external beam radiotherapy on the normal urinary bladder – a histopathological review. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 42:189–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rubin P, Casarett G (2014) Biocontinuum of the pathophysiology paradigm. In: ALERT – Adverse Late Effects of Cancer Treatment (Hrsg) General concepts and scientific precepts, Bd. 1. Springer, Berlin, S 9–26

    Google Scholar 

  27. Russo P (2000) Salvage radical prostatectomy after radiation therapy and brachytherapy. J Endourol 14:385–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Shaw EG, Gunderson LL, Martin JK, Beart RW, Nagorney DM, Podratz KC (1990) Peripheral nerve and ureteral tolerance to intraoperative radiation therapy: Clinical and dose-response analysis. Radiother Oncol 18:247–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sindelar WF, Kinsella TJ (2003) Normal tissue tolerance to intraoperative radiotherapy. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 12:925–942

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Smit SG, Heyns CF (2010) Management of radiation cystitis. Nat Rev Urol 7:206–214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sullivan L, Williams SG, Tai KH, Foroudi F, Cleeve L, Duchesne GM (2009) Urethral stricture following high dose rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 91:232–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Suriano F, Altobelli E, Sergi F, Buscarini M (2013) Bladder cancer after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Rev Urol 15:108–112

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang XJ, Laven B, Tretiakova M, Blute RD Jr, Woda BA, Steinberg GD, Jiang Z (2003) Detection of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme a racemase in postradiation prostatic adenocarcinoma. Urology 62:282–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yu JB, Soulos PR, Herrin J, Cramer LD, Potosky AL, Roberts KB, Gross CP (2013) Proton versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: patterns of care and early toxicity. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:25–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zelefsky MJ, Wallner KE, Ling CC, Raben A, Hollister T, Wolfe T, Grann A, Gaudin P, Fuks Z, Leibel SA (1999) Comparison of the 5‑year outcome and morbidity of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy versus transperineal permanent iodine-125 implantation for early-stage prostatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 17:517–522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. Kristiansen.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

Y. Tolkach und G. Kristiansen geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tolkach, Y., Kristiansen, G. Pathogenese urologischer Komplikationen nach Strahlentherapie. Urologe 56, 293–300 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-016-0292-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-016-0292-1

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation