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Das bewusstseinsgestörte Kind

Eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung

Consciousness disturbances in children

An interdisciplinary challenge

  • Notfälle im Kindes- und Jugendalter
  • Published:
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Bewusstseinsstörung ist eine häufige pädiatrische Notfallsituation.

Ziel der Arbeit

Im vorliegenden Beitrag, der sich an anerkannten klinischen Handlungsempfehlungen mit möglichst breitem Konsens orientiert, werden die Prinzipien der Notfallversorgung beim bewusstseinsgestörten Kind beschrieben.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Das Erstmanagement beim bewusstlosen Kind folgt der ABC-Regel („airway“, „breathing“, „circulation“). Anschließend muss der Grad der Bewusstseinsstörung quantitativ bestimmt werden, z. B. mit der GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) oder der AVPU-Skala (AVPU: „alert“, „voice“, „pain“, „unresponsive“). Die Kurzanamnese und weitere klinische Kernbefunde (Fieber, Meningismus, Seitendifferenzen) sind für die sich anschließenden diagnostischen Schritte, wie Bildgebung oder Lumbalpunktion, entscheidend. Wird eine ZNS-Infektion (ZNS: Zentralnervensystem) vermutet, darf die antiinfektiöse Therapie nicht verzögert werden. Zum Ausschluss einer Shuntinsuffizienz bei einem bewusstseinsgestörten Kind mit einem VP-Shunt (VP: ventrikuloperitoneal) muss der Kinderneurochirurg frühzeitig kontaktiert werden.

Abstract

Background

Disturbances of consciousness are frequent pediatric emergencies.

Aims

This article describes the principles of emergency care of consciousness disturbance in children. The article is based on clinical guidelines with broad implementation.

Results and discussion

If a child loses consciousness, the initial treatment consists of ensuring a reliable airway and maintaining adequate ventilation, oxygenation and blood pressure (ABC rule: airway, breathing, circulation). The severity of unconsciousness must be quantified by scoring systems, e.g. the Glasgow coma scale or the AVPU scale (alert, voice, pain or unresponsive). The patient’s history and further clinical abnormalities (e.g. fever, meningism and focal signs) are crucial for the next diagnostic step including urgent neuroimaging and lumbar puncture. If a central nervous system (CNS) infection is suspected, anti-infective treatment must not be delayed. In unconscious patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt systems a pediatric neurosurgeon has to be contacted in order to rule out shunt insufficiency.

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Correspondence to A. Merkenschlager.

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Merkenschlager, A., Härtel, C. & Preuß, M. Das bewusstseinsgestörte Kind . Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 161, 740–748 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-013-2929-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-013-2929-0

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