Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

On the modelling of colour changes of wood surfaces

Die Modellierung der Farbänderungen von Holzoberflächen

  • Originals Originalarbeiten
  • Published:
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Colour has an influence on the aesthetic properties of wood surfaces, and changes in colour have an impact on each individual’s perception of wood construction materials. This study examines an approach to model the discolouration of wood during natural weathering. A novel mathematical model was used to estimate colour changes of two softwoods during natural weathering. The surface colour of fir and larch samples was determined according to the CIEL*a*b* system during natural weathering over a period of one year. In order to demonstrate the value of the model, two different weathering sites were chosen. The data collected from each site was smoothed using a local regression method, and the corresponding parameters were used to generate the confidence intervals around the smoothed curves. The results show that all three colour parameters exhibit varying differences during the weathering trial. The locally weighted regression method seems to be an appropriate approach for modelling weathering effects and could be used to simulate colour change in wood in exterior applications in the future.

Zusammenfassung

Farbe beeinflusst das ästhetische Erscheinungsbild von Holzoberflächen und eine Farbänderung hat Auswirkungen auf die individuelle Wahrnehmung von Holzmaterialien. Diese Arbeit untersucht einen Ansatz zur Modellierung der Farbänderung von Holz während der natürlichen Bewitterung. Ein neuer mathematischer Ansatz wurde für die Schätzung der Farbänderung von zwei Nadelhölzern bei der Bewitterung verwendet. Die Oberflächenfarbe von Fichten- und Lärchenproben wurde nach dem CIEL*a*b* System über eine Bewitterungsdauer von einem Jahr bestimmt. Für die Modellierung wurden zwei unterschiedliche Bewitterungsstandorte ausgewählt. Die gemessenen Farbwerte beider Standorte wurden mit einer lokalen Regressionsmethode geglättet und um die angepasste Kurve wurden die Konfidenzintervalle generiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Farbparameter während der Bewitterung. Die lokale Regressionsmethode scheint eine passende Möglichkeit für die Modellierung von Auswirkungen der Bewitterung zu sein und könnte für die Simulierung der Farbänderung von Holz im Außenbereich über die Zeit verwendet werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anderson EL, Pawlak Z, Owen NL, Feist WC (1991a) Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part 1: Softwood. Appl Spectrosc 45:641–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson EL, Pawlak Z, Owen NL, Feist WC (1991b) Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part 1: Hardwoods. Appl Spectrosc 45:648–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Arndt U (2006) Untreated timber in external situations. Detail 46:1136–1140

    Google Scholar 

  4. Broman NO (2000) Means to measure the aesthetic properties of wood. PhD Thesis, Wood Technology, Lulea University of Technology

  5. Brown RP (1995) Predictive techniques and models for durability tests. Polym Test 14:403–414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cleveland WS (1979) Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. J Am Stat Assoc 74:829–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cleveland WS, Devlin SJ, Grosse E (1988) Regression by local fitting. Methods, properties, and computational algorithmus. J Econometrics 37:87–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Creemers J, de Meijer M, Zimmermann T, Sell J (2002) Influence of climatic factors on the weathering of coated wood. Holz Roh- Werkst 60:411–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Derbyshire H, Miller ER, Turkulin H (1995) Investigation into photodegradation of wood using microtensil testing. Part 1: Application of microtensil testing to measurement of photodegradation rates. Holz Roh- Werkst 53:339–345

    Google Scholar 

  10. DIN EN 927-3 (2007) Paints and varnishes – Coating materials and coating systems for exterior wood – Part 3: Natural weathering test

  11. Evans PD, Banks WB (1988) Degradation of wood surfaces by water. Changes in mechanical properties of thin wood strips. Holz Roh- Werkst 46:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Evans PD, Michell AJ, Schmalzl KJ (1992) Studies of the degradation and protection of wood surfaces. Wood Sci Technol 26:151–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Feist WC, Hon DNS (1984) Chemistry of weathering protection. In: Rowell RM (ed) The chemistry of solid wood. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 401–574

    Google Scholar 

  14. Feist WC, Mraz EA (1978) Comparison of outdoor and accelerated weathering of unprotected softwoods. For Prod J 28:38–43

    Google Scholar 

  15. Futó LP (1976) Einfluß der Temperatur auf den photochemischen Holzabbau. 1. Mitteilung: Experimentelle Darstellung. Holz Roh- Werkst 34:31–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. George B, Suttie E, Merlin A, Deglise X (2005) Photodegration and photostablisation of wood – the state of the art. Polym Degrad Stabil 88:268–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Grüll G, Schweiger I, Forsthuber B (2006) Greywood – Technische Verfahren zur Vergrauung von Holzoberflächen für den Außenbereich. In: Haller P (ed) Holzvergütung Holzfassaden Holzschutz. Tagungsband zum 6. Holzbauforum. Verlag Bauwesen, Berlin, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  18. Guseva O, Lichtblau A (2005) Application of smoothing methods for estimation of service life for polymers from tensile testing. Polym Test 24:718–727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hon DNS, Chang ST, Feist WC (1985) Protection of wood surfaces against photooxidation. J Appl Polym Sci 30:1429–1448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hon DNS, Feist WC (1986) Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces. Wood Sci Technol 20:169–183

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hon DNS (2001) Weathering and photochemistry of wood. In: Hon DNS, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York Basel, pp 513–546

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hon DNS, Ifju G (1978) Measuring penetration of light into wood by detection of photo-induced free radicals. Wood Sci 11:118–127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hon DNS, Minemura N (2001) Color and discoloration. In: Hon DNS, Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulosic chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York Basel, pp 385–442

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jacoby WC (2000) Loess: A nonparametric, graphical tool for depicting relationships between variables. Elect Stud 19:577–613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kataoka Y, Kiguchi M (2001) Depth profiling of photo-induced degradation in wood by FT-IR microspectroscopy. J Wood Sci 47:325–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kühne H, Leukens U, Sell J, Wälchi O (1970) Scanning Electron-Microscope observations on mold-fungi causing grey stain. Holz Roh- Werkst 18:223–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mandel J (1984) The statistical analysis of experimental data. Dover Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Martin JW, Chin JW, Nguyen T (2003) Reciprocity law experiments in polymeric photodegradation: A critical review. Prog Org Coat 47:292–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Müller U, Rätzsch M, Schwanninger M, Steiner M, Zöbl H (2003) Yellowing and IR-changes of spruce wood as result of UV-irradiation. J Photoch Photobiol B 69:97–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pandey KK (2005a) A note on the influence of extractives on the photo-discoloration and photo-degradation of wood. Polym Degrad Stabil 87:375–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pandey KK (2005b) Study of the effect of photo-irradiation on the surface chemistry of wood. Polym Degrad Stabil 90:9–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Reiter R, Carnuth W, Sládkoviè R (1972) Ultraviolettstrahlung in alpinen Höhenlagen. Wetter Leben 24:231–347

    Google Scholar 

  33. Roux ML, Wozniak E, Miller ER, Boxall J, Böttcher P, Kropf F, Sell J (1988) Natural weathering of various surface coatings on five species at four European sites. Holz Roh- Werkst 46:165–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sandberg D (1999) Weathering of radial and tangential wood surfaces of pine and spruce. Holzforschung 53:355–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sandermann W, Schlumbom F (1962a) On the effect of filtered ultraviolet light on wood. Part 1: Photometric and chromatographic investigations on wood powders. Holz Roh- Werkst 20:245–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sandermann W, Schlumbom F (1962b) On the effect of filtered ultraviolet light on wood. Part 2: Kind and magnitude of colour difference on wood surface. Holz Roh- Werkst 20:285–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sell J, Leukens U (1971) Untersuchungen an bewitterten Holzoberflächen – Zweite Mitteilung: Verwitterungserscheinungen an ungeschützten Hölzern. Holz Roh- Werkst 29:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Sell J, Feist WC (1986) Role of density in the erosion of wood during weathering. For Prod J 36:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tolvaj L, Faix O (1995) Artificial ageing of wood monitored by DRIFT spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* color measurements. Holzforschung 49:397–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Tolvaj L, Mitsui K (2005) Light source dependence of the photodegradation of wood. J Wood Sci 51:468–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Williams RS (2005) Weathering of wood. In: Rowell RM (eds) Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton London New York Singapore, pp 142–185

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wypych G (2003) Handbook of material weathering, 3rd edition. ChemTec Publishing, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Products Technology & Construction, University of Applied Sciences Salzburg, Markt 136a, 5431, Kuchl, Österreich

    Thomas Schnabel, Bernhard Zimmer & Alexander Johannes Petutschnigg

Authors
  1. Thomas Schnabel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bernhard Zimmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alexander Johannes Petutschnigg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thomas Schnabel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schnabel, T., Zimmer, B. & Petutschnigg, A.J. On the modelling of colour changes of wood surfaces . Eur. J. Wood Prod. 67, 141–149 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-008-0293-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-008-0293-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation