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Klimawandel und Epidemiologie systemischer Pilzinfektionen

Climate change and systemic fungal infections

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Dem Klimawandel werden profunde Einflüsse auf die Epidemiologie von Infektionskrankheiten zugeschrieben. Die obligat pathogenen Erreger endemischer Systemmykosen und die Erreger der Kryptokokkose sind Umweltpathogene, die an lokale Umweltnischen adaptiert sind und klimatischen Veränderungen ausgesetzt sind, die Einfluss auf die Epidemiologie dieser Erkrankungen nehmen könnten.

Fragestellung

Gibt es Hinweise für Änderungen in der Epidemiologie endemischer Systemmykosen? Gibt es Hinweise, dass Änderungen klimatischer Faktoren als zugrunde liegende Mechanismen infrage kommen?

Methode

Selektives Literaturreview zum Einfluss klimatischer Faktoren auf die Epidemiologie von endemischen Systemmykosen und die Kryptokokkose.

Ergebnisse

Änderungen von Endemiegebieten endemischer Mykosen und der Kryptokokkose durch Cryptococcus gattii sind gut belegt. Für einige endemische Mykosen sind deutliche Zunahmen der Inzidenz der Infektionen belegt. Klimatische Faktoren (Temperatur, Niederschlagsmengen, extreme Wetterereignisse), Änderungen in Landnutzung, Verteilung von Wirtstieren und globale Handelswege werden als beteiligte Faktoren diskutiert. Sie verändern Umweltnischen oder führen zu verstärkter Exposition von pathogenen Pilzen.

Diskussion

Eine verbesserte Surveillance von Systemmykosen bei Menschen und Tieren einschließlich molekularer Typisierung ist notwendig, um Lücken im Verständnis der Epidemiologie systemischer Mykosen zu schließen. Die Charakterisierung von Umweltnischen pathogener Pilze, möglicher Verbreitungs- und Anpassungsmechanismen ist notwendige Voraussetzung, um rationale Interventionsstrategien gegen die Verbreitung dieser Pilze zu entwickeln.

Abstract

Background

Climate change may cause profound and complex changes in the prevalence of infectious diseases. Obligate pathogenic fungi causing endemic mycoses and the agents of cryptococcosis are environmental pathogens adapted to environmental niches. They may be exposed to changing climatic conditions, which may change the epidemiology of human infections.

Objectives

To review documented changes in the epidemiology of endemic fungal infections and cryptococcosis. To review evidence that changing climate is a potential mechanism for changes in the epidemiology of these infections.

Methods

A selective literature review focusing on endemic mycoses and cryptococcosis.

Results

Changes in endemic regions of infections caused by C. gattii and selected endemic mycoses have been well documented. Significant increases in the incidence of infections have been demonstrated for some areas. Climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, and extreme weather events), changes in land use, distribution of potential host animals, and global trade routes are discussed as contributory factors.

Conclusions

Improved surveillance of fungal infections of humans and animals including molecular typing of clinical and environmental isolates is necessary to understand the epidemiology of these infections. The characterization of environmental niches, mechanisms of distribution of fungi, and fungal adaptation mechanisms are needed to guide prevention strategies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. FG 16, Erreger von Mykosen, Mykobakteriosen und Parasitosen, Konsiliarlabor für Kryptokokkose und seltene Systemmykosen, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland

    Volker Rickerts

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Correspondence to Volker Rickerts.

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Interessenkonflikt

V. Rickerts gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Rickerts, V. Klimawandel und Epidemiologie systemischer Pilzinfektionen. Bundesgesundheitsbl 62, 646–651 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-02931-z

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