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Gene expression analysis of vastus medialis cells after tourniquet-induced ischemia during total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial

  • Original Article
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European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Postoperative quadriceps muscle strength was lowered after tourniquet application during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Furthermore, tourniquet application results in higher proteolytic activity within vastus medialis cells, without influence on the amount and function of mitochondria. The effects of the commonly utilized intraoperative tourniquet on gene expression within the human skeletal muscle cells are barely examined. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the gene expression within the skeletal muscle cells after tourniquet-induced ischemia to identify differential expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways.

Methods

As part of a randomized, controlled, monocentric trial (Clinical-Trials.gov NCT02475603) 20 patients, scheduled to undergo primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), were included. Written informed consent was received and the patients were randomly assigned to Group A (TKA with tourniquet) (n = 10) and Group B (TKA without tourniquet) (n = 10). A muscle biopsie of (5 × 5 × 5 mm) 125 mm3 were obtained from the vastus medialis exactly 60 min after performing the surgical approach.

After preparation of a muscle homogenate, RNA extraction was performed (RNeasy Plus Universal Mini Kit Qiagen) and RNA integrity (RIN) was determined (Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, RNA 6000 Pico Kit). Gene expression profiling was performed using a validated method (GeneChip™ Human Transcriptome Array 2.0; Affymetrix). Statistical analysis (SPSS-Version 24; SAS JMP10 Genomics, Version 6) included the number of significant DEGs (p < 0.05), the number of DEGs with relative difference > 25% and the number of significant pathway (p < 0.05). The serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and the white blood cell (WBC) count were also perioperatively measured. The protocol was approved by our Institutional Ethics Committee (File reference 2012-334N-MA).

Results

Tourniquet application resulted in a total of 3555 (13.8%) statistically significant DEGs within vastus medialis cells. 76 DEGs (29 upregulated, 47 downregulated) revealed a relative difference of more than 25%. Statistically significant changes occurred in 59 (25.8%) of 229 analyzed pathways. Furthermore, there was no clinically meaningful difference between the groups with regard to CRP and WBC count.

Conclusions

Tourniquet induced ischemia results in significant changes of the gene expression within cells of vastus medialis including metabolism, genetic information processing and cellular processes. The identified altered expression of genes and pathways might serve as pharmacotherapeutical targets; although further research is needed to clarify the underlying biological processes.

Clinical relevance

These findings add further knowledge and should raise the awareness of surgeons about the effects of tourniquet induced ischemia at the gene expression level. Additional high-quality research may be warranted to examine the short and long term clinical significance of the present data.

Level of evidence

Level I.

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Data availability

The raw and normalized data are deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/; accession no. GSE124595).

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Acknowledgements

We thank our staff of the management office for the randomisation of the patients.

Funding

This study was supported by the Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.

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Author notes

  1. Senior author: Norbert Ponelies.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim of University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany

    Ahmed Jawhar, Desiree Brenner, Udo Obertacke & Norbert Ponelies

  2. Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany

    Carolina De La Torre & Carsten Sticht

Authors
  1. Ahmed Jawhar
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  2. Desiree Brenner
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  5. Udo Obertacke
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  6. Norbert Ponelies
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Contributions

Conceptualization: AJ, NP, UO. Data curation: AJ, DB, CT, NP. Methodology: AJ, DB, CS, CT, NP. Project administration: AJ, NP, UO. Resources: AJ, DB, CS, CT, NP, UO. Software: CS, CT. Supervision: AJ, NP, UO. Writing—original draft: AJ. Writing—review/editing: NP, AJ.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ahmed Jawhar.

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The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Jawhar, A., Brenner, D., De La Torre, C. et al. Gene expression analysis of vastus medialis cells after tourniquet-induced ischemia during total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 47, 233–240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01196-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01196-0

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