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Perkutane koronare Intervention versus Bypass-Operation bei Patienten mit Diabetes und koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung

Koronarrevaskularisation nach FREEDOM

Percutaneous coronary intervention versus bypass surgery in patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary disease

Coronary revascularization after FREEDOM

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Zusammenfassung

Die Frage, ob bei einem Patienten mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Herzkrankheit eine koronare Revaskularisation erforderlich ist oder ob alternativ nicht auch eine alleinige optimierte medikamentöse Therapie (OMT) ausreichend sein kann, wird seit der COURAGE- und der BARI-2D-Studie sowohl bei Nichtdiabetikern als auch bei Diabetikern kontrovers diskutiert. Nach unserem heutigen Wissensstand profitiert ein Patient nur dann von einer koronaren Revaskularisation, wenn entweder in einem nicht-invasiven Testverfahren, wie z. B. einer SPECT- oder PET-Myokardszintigraphie, einer Stressechokardiographie oder einer Stressmagnetresonanztomographie, eine relevante Ischämie von mehr als 10% des linksventrikulären Myokards objektiv nachgewiesen werden kann oder wenn invasiv für eine angiographisch nachweisbare Koronarstenose eine pathologische fraktionelle Flussreserve (FFR) unter 0,80 gemessen werden kann. Lässt sich bei einem Patienten mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung nicht-invasiv oder invasiv ein gleichartiger relevanter Ischämienachweis objektivieren, stellt sich insbesondere bei Diabetikern die ebenfalls häufig kontrovers diskutierte Frage, ob eine perkutane koronare Intervention (PCI) mit Implantation von „Drug-eluting“-Stents oder eine koronare Bypass-Operation favorisiert werden soll. Die im November 2012 publizierte FREEDOM-Studie (Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease) war vor diesem Hintergrund die erste prospektive randomisierte Studie bei Diabetikern mit einer koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung, die nach einem Follow-up von im Mittel 3,8 Jahren trotz einer höheren Rate von Schlaganfällen in der Bypass-operierten Gruppe für einen kombinierten primären Endpunkt aus Tod jeglicher Ursache, nichttödlichem Myokardinfarkt und nichttödlichem Schlaganfall einen signifikanten prognostischen Vorteil zugunsten der Bypass-Operation nachweisen konnte. In den neuen „Guidelines Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases developed with the EASD“ der European Society of Cardiology aus dem Jahre 2013 hat die koronare Bypass-Operation aus diesem Grunde mit dem Grad „Class I, Level of evidence A“ eine Empfehlung für Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus, chronisch stabiler koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung und einem SYNTAX-Score über 22 bekommen. Die Entscheidung für oder gegen eine PCI/Stent-Implantation bzw. eine koronare Bypass-Operation bei einem Diabetiker mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung sollte deshalb erst nach einem ausführlichen Aufklärungsgespräch und nach einer eingehenden Erläuterung beider Therapieoptionen gemeinsam mit dem Patienten getroffen werden. In kontroversen Fällen, insbesondere bei einem grenzwertigen SYNTAX-Score um 22, relevanter Komorbidität oder zu erwartenden methodenspezifischen Komplikationsmöglichkeiten sollte statt einer einzeitigen „Ad-hoc“-Intervention im Rahmen der diagnostischen Koronarangiographie ein zweizeitiges Vorgehen mit vorheriger Diskussion beider Therapieoptionen im „Heart Team“, bestehend aus nicht-invasiven Kardiologen, interventionellen Kardiologen und Herzchirurgen, erfolgen.

Abstract

Is coronary revascularization required in a patient with chronic stable coronary artery disease or can optimized medical therapy (OMT) alone be a sufficient alternative? This question has been controversially discussed for non-diabetics as well as for diabetics since the COURAGE and BARI 2D trials. According to our present knowledge, a patient will benefit from coronary revascularization only when either a non-invasive test method, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial scintigraphy, stress echocardiography or stress nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, can detect relevant, objective evidence of ischemia >10% of the left ventricular myocardium or when a pathological fractional flow reserve (FFR) <0.80 can be measured in an invasive procedure for an angiographically detectable coronary stenosis. If similar relevant ischemia can be non-invasively or invasively objectified in a patient with chronic stable multivessel coronary artery disease, the often controversially discussed question arises particularly in diabetics whether a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of drug-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass surgery should be favored. The FREEDOM study (Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease), published in November 2012, was the first prospective randomized study to examine this issue in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Despite a higher rate of stroke in the surgical cohort, after an average follow-up time of 3.8 years a significant prognostic advantage in favor of bypass surgery was detected for a combined primary endpoint of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. Thus, in the new ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases developed with the EASD of the European Society of Cardiology and published in 2013, coronary bypass surgery has a class I, level of evidence A recommendation for patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic stable multivessel coronary disease and a synergy between PCI with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score >22. The decision for or against a PCI/stent implantation or coronary bypass surgery in a diabetic patient with chronic stable multivessel coronary artery disease should therefore be made with the patient only after a detailed informed consent discussion and comprehensive explanation of both treatment options. In controversial cases, particularly with an equivocal SYNTAX score around 22, relevant comorbidities or anticipated method-specific complications, a one-stage ad hoc intervention during the diagnostic coronary angiography should be rejected in favor of a two-stage procedure with prior discussion of both treatment options in the heart team comprising noninvasive cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.

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Dörr, R., Stumpf, J., Dalibor, J. et al. Perkutane koronare Intervention versus Bypass-Operation bei Patienten mit Diabetes und koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung. Herz 39, 331–342 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-014-4089-y

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