Zusammenfassung
Die Frage, ob bei einem Patienten mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Herzkrankheit eine koronare Revaskularisation erforderlich ist oder ob alternativ nicht auch eine alleinige optimierte medikamentöse Therapie (OMT) ausreichend sein kann, wird seit der COURAGE- und der BARI-2D-Studie sowohl bei Nichtdiabetikern als auch bei Diabetikern kontrovers diskutiert. Nach unserem heutigen Wissensstand profitiert ein Patient nur dann von einer koronaren Revaskularisation, wenn entweder in einem nicht-invasiven Testverfahren, wie z. B. einer SPECT- oder PET-Myokardszintigraphie, einer Stressechokardiographie oder einer Stressmagnetresonanztomographie, eine relevante Ischämie von mehr als 10% des linksventrikulären Myokards objektiv nachgewiesen werden kann oder wenn invasiv für eine angiographisch nachweisbare Koronarstenose eine pathologische fraktionelle Flussreserve (FFR) unter 0,80 gemessen werden kann. Lässt sich bei einem Patienten mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung nicht-invasiv oder invasiv ein gleichartiger relevanter Ischämienachweis objektivieren, stellt sich insbesondere bei Diabetikern die ebenfalls häufig kontrovers diskutierte Frage, ob eine perkutane koronare Intervention (PCI) mit Implantation von „Drug-eluting“-Stents oder eine koronare Bypass-Operation favorisiert werden soll. Die im November 2012 publizierte FREEDOM-Studie (Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease) war vor diesem Hintergrund die erste prospektive randomisierte Studie bei Diabetikern mit einer koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung, die nach einem Follow-up von im Mittel 3,8 Jahren trotz einer höheren Rate von Schlaganfällen in der Bypass-operierten Gruppe für einen kombinierten primären Endpunkt aus Tod jeglicher Ursache, nichttödlichem Myokardinfarkt und nichttödlichem Schlaganfall einen signifikanten prognostischen Vorteil zugunsten der Bypass-Operation nachweisen konnte. In den neuen „Guidelines Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases developed with the EASD“ der European Society of Cardiology aus dem Jahre 2013 hat die koronare Bypass-Operation aus diesem Grunde mit dem Grad „Class I, Level of evidence A“ eine Empfehlung für Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus, chronisch stabiler koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung und einem SYNTAX-Score über 22 bekommen. Die Entscheidung für oder gegen eine PCI/Stent-Implantation bzw. eine koronare Bypass-Operation bei einem Diabetiker mit einer chronisch stabilen koronaren Mehrgefäßerkrankung sollte deshalb erst nach einem ausführlichen Aufklärungsgespräch und nach einer eingehenden Erläuterung beider Therapieoptionen gemeinsam mit dem Patienten getroffen werden. In kontroversen Fällen, insbesondere bei einem grenzwertigen SYNTAX-Score um 22, relevanter Komorbidität oder zu erwartenden methodenspezifischen Komplikationsmöglichkeiten sollte statt einer einzeitigen „Ad-hoc“-Intervention im Rahmen der diagnostischen Koronarangiographie ein zweizeitiges Vorgehen mit vorheriger Diskussion beider Therapieoptionen im „Heart Team“, bestehend aus nicht-invasiven Kardiologen, interventionellen Kardiologen und Herzchirurgen, erfolgen.
Abstract
Is coronary revascularization required in a patient with chronic stable coronary artery disease or can optimized medical therapy (OMT) alone be a sufficient alternative? This question has been controversially discussed for non-diabetics as well as for diabetics since the COURAGE and BARI 2D trials. According to our present knowledge, a patient will benefit from coronary revascularization only when either a non-invasive test method, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial scintigraphy, stress echocardiography or stress nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, can detect relevant, objective evidence of ischemia >10% of the left ventricular myocardium or when a pathological fractional flow reserve (FFR) <0.80 can be measured in an invasive procedure for an angiographically detectable coronary stenosis. If similar relevant ischemia can be non-invasively or invasively objectified in a patient with chronic stable multivessel coronary artery disease, the often controversially discussed question arises particularly in diabetics whether a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of drug-eluting stents or coronary artery bypass surgery should be favored. The FREEDOM study (Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease), published in November 2012, was the first prospective randomized study to examine this issue in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Despite a higher rate of stroke in the surgical cohort, after an average follow-up time of 3.8 years a significant prognostic advantage in favor of bypass surgery was detected for a combined primary endpoint of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke. Thus, in the new ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases developed with the EASD of the European Society of Cardiology and published in 2013, coronary bypass surgery has a class I, level of evidence A recommendation for patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic stable multivessel coronary disease and a synergy between PCI with taxus and cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score >22. The decision for or against a PCI/stent implantation or coronary bypass surgery in a diabetic patient with chronic stable multivessel coronary artery disease should therefore be made with the patient only after a detailed informed consent discussion and comprehensive explanation of both treatment options. In controversial cases, particularly with an equivocal SYNTAX score around 22, relevant comorbidities or anticipated method-specific complications, a one-stage ad hoc intervention during the diagnostic coronary angiography should be rejected in favor of a two-stage procedure with prior discussion of both treatment options in the heart team comprising noninvasive cardiologists, interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.
Literatur
Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Teo KK et al (2007) Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 356:1503–1516
Boden WE, O’Rourke RA, Teo KK et al (2009) Impact of optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention on long-term cardiovascular end points in patients with stable coronary artery disease (from the COURAGE Trial). Am J Cardiol 104:1–4
Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM et al (2009) A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 360:2503–2515
Pfisterer ME, Zellweger MJ, Garratt KN et al (2009) Therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 361:1407–1408
Chaitman BR, Hardison RM, Adler D et al (2009) The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes randomized trial of different treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable ischemic heart disease: impact of treatment strategy on cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction. Circulation 120:2529–2540
Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ et al (2008) Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation 117:1283–1291
Torosoff MT, Sidhu MS, Boden WE (2013) Impact of myocardial ischemia on myocardial revascularization in stable ischemic heart disease. Lessons from the COURAGE and FAME 2 trials. Herz 38:382–386
Dörr R, Thiele H (2013) Diagnostics and therapy of chronic myocardial ischemia: the when and how of diagnostic work-up and therapy. Herz 38:327–328
Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD et al (2003) Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 107:2900–2907
Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ et al (2011) Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 32:1012–1024
Hachamovitch R (2013) Impact of ischemia and scar on therapeutic benefit of myocardial revascularization. Herz 38:344–349
Pijls NH, Schaardenburgh P van, Manoharan G et al (2007) Percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally nonsignificant stenosis: 5-year follow-up of the DEFER Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2105–2111
Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH et al (2009) Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 360:213–224
De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B et al (2012) Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 367:991–1001
Nunen LX van, Tonino PA (2013) Recent insights into the treatment of stable CAD: FFR-guided PCI vs. medical therapy. Herz 38:376–381
Dörr R (2010) Bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus. Herz 35:182–190
Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA et al (2012) Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 367:2375–2384
Magnuson EA, Farkouh ME, Fuster V et al (2013) Cost-effectiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents versus bypass surgery for patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease: results from the FREEDOM trial. Circulation 127:820–831
Abdallah MS, Wang K, Magnuson EA et al (2013) Quality of life after PCI vs CABG among patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:1581–1590
Aggarwal B, Goel SS, Sabik JF et al (2013) The FREEDOM trial: in appropriate patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease, CABG beats PCI. Cleve Clin J Med 80:515–523
Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T et al (1998) Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 339:229–234
Carnethon MR, Biggs ML, Barzilay J et al (2010) Diabetes and coronary heart disease as risk factors for mortality in older adults. Am J Med 123:556.e1–e9
Bartnik M, Rydén L, Ferrari R et al (2004) The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe. The Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J 25:1880–1890
Bartnik M, Malmberg K, Norhammar A et al (2004) Newly detected abnormal glucose tolerance: an important predictor of long-term outcome after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 25:1990–1997
Dörr R, Hoffmann U, Otter W et al (2011) Oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c for diagnosis of diabetes in patients undergoing coronary angiography: the Silent Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 54:2923–2930
Dörr R, Stumpf J, Spitzer SG et al (2012) Prevalence of undetected diabetes mellitus in invasive and interventional cardiology. Silent diabetes in the catheterization laboratory. Herz 37:244–250
Zellweger MJ (2006) Prognostic significance of silent coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. Herz 31:240–245
Zellweger MJ, Hachamovitch R, Kang X et al (2009) Threshold, incidence, and predictors of prognostically high-risk silent ischemia in asymptomatic patients without prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 16:193–200
Anand DV, Lim E, Lahiri A et al (2006) The role of non-invasive imaging in the risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetic subjects. Eur Heart J 27:905–912
Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA et al (2009) Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301:1547–1555
Moreno PR, Murcia AM, Palacios IF et al (2000) Coronary composition and macrophage infiltration in atherectomy specimens from patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 102:2180–2184
Blüher M, Unger R, Rassoul F et al (2002) Relation between glycaemic control, hyperinsulinaemia and plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or type II diabetes. Diabetologia 45:210–216
Grant PJ (2007) Diabetes mellitus as a prothrombotic condition. J Intern Med 262:157–172
Ferreiro JL, Angiolillo DJ (2011) Diabetes and antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 123:798–813
Creager MA, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F et al (2003) Diabetes and vascular disease: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I. Circulation 108:1527–1532
Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, Liuzzo G et al (2003) Atherothrombosis, inflammation, and diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:1071–1077
Waller BF, Palumbo PJ, Lie JT et al (1980) Status of the coronary arteries at necropsy in diabetes mellitus with onset after age 30 years. Analysis of 229 diabetic patients with and without clinical evidence of coronary heart disease and comparison to 183 control subjects. Am J Med 69:498–506
Morrish NJ, Stevens LK, Head J et al (1990) A prospective study of mortality among middle-aged diabetic patients (the London Cohort of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics) I: causes and death rates. Diabetologia 33:538–541
Laskey WK, Selzer F, Vlachos HA et al (2002) Comparison of in-hospital and one-year outcomes in patients with and without diabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous catheter intervention (from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry). Am J Cardiol 90:1062–1067
West NE, Ruygrok PN, Disco CM et al (2004) Clinical and angiographic predictors of restenosis after stent deployment in diabetic patients. Circulation 109:867–873
Mathew V, Gersh BJ, Williams BA et al (2004) Outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the current era: a report from the Prevention of REStenosis with Tranilast and its Outcomes (PRESTO) trial. Circulation 109:476–480
Glaser R, Selzer F, Faxon DP et al (2005) Clinical progression of incidental, asymptomatic lesions discovered during culprit vessel coronary intervention. Circulation 111:143–149
Morricone L, Ranucci M, Denti S et al (1999) Diabetes and complications after cardiac surgery: comparison with a non-diabetic population. Acta Diabetol 36:77–84
Hogue CW Jr, Murphy SF, Schechtman KB et al (1999) Risk factors for early or delayed stroke after cardiac surgery. Circulation 100:642–647
Hausmann H, Hetzer R (2004) Surgical revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus. Herz 29:551–555
Kleikamp G, Maleszka A, Reiss N et al (2004) The impact of diabetes mellitus on the results of coronary artery bypass grafting with respect to left ventricular function. Herz 29:556–561
Lauruschkat AH, Ennker J (2008) Diabetes mellitus in coronary bypass surgery: risks and chances. Treatment concepts for a particularly challenging group of patients. Herz 33:212–221
Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM et al (2009) Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet 373:1190–1197
o A (1996) Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. N Engl J Med 335:217–225
o A (1997) Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). Circulation 96:1761–1769
BARI Investigators (2007) The final 10-year follow-up results from the BARI randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:1600–1606
King SB III, Kosinski AS, Guyton RA et al (2000) Eight-year mortality in the Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST). J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1116–1121
Kurbaan AS, Bowker TJ, Ilsley CD et al (2001) Difference in the mortality of the CABRI diabetic and nondiabetic populations and its relation to coronary artery disease and the revascularization mode. Am J Cardiol 87:947–950
Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE et al (2001) Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N Engl J Med 344:1117–1124
Legrand VM, Serruys PW, Unger F et al (2004) Three-year outcome after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease. Circulation 109:1114–1120
Serruys PW, Ong AT, Herwerden LA van et al (2005) Five-year outcomes after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: the final analysis of the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:575–581
Booth J, Clayton T, Pepper J et al (2008) Randomized, controlled trial of coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: six-year follow-up from the Stent or Surgery Trial (SoS). Circulation 118:381–388
Rodriguez AE, Baldi J, Fernández Pereira C et al (2005) Five-year follow-up of the Argentine randomized trial of coronary angioplasty with stenting versus coronary bypass surgery in patients with multiple vessel disease (ERACI II). J Am Coll Cardiol 46:582–588
Bhatt DL, Marso SP, Lincoff AM et al (2000) Abciximab reduces mortality in diabetics following percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:922–928
Serruys PW, Ong AT, Morice MC et al (2005) Arterial Revascularisation Therapies Study part II – sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of patients with multivessel de novo coronary artery lesions. EuroIntervention 1:147–156
Daemen J, Kuck KH, Macaya C et al (2008) Multivessel coronary revascularization in patients with and without diabetes mellitus: 3-year follow-up of the ARTS-II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study-Part II) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1957–1967
Serruys PW, Onuma Y, Garg S et al (2010) 5-year clinical outcomes of the ARTS II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study II) of the sirolimus-eluting stent in the treatment of patients with multivessel de novo coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1093–1101
Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP et al (2009) Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 360:961–972
Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP et al (2013) Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet 381:629–638
Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Morice MC et al (2013) Treatment of complex coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes: 5-year results comparing outcomes of bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in the SYNTAX trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 43:1006–1013
Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC et al (2010) Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1067–1075
Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP et al (2005) The SYNTAX score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. Euro Interv 1:219–227
Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS et al (2010) Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients. 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:432–440
Kamalesh M, Sharp TG, Tang XC et al (2013) Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary bypass surgery in United States veterans with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:808–816
Ellis SG (2013) Coronary revascularization for patients with diabetes: updated data favor coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:817–819
Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM et al (1986) Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Engl J Med 314:1–6
Tector AJ, Schmahl TM, Janson B et al (1981) The internal mammary artery graft. Its longevity after coronary bypass. JAMA 246:2181–2183
Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD et al (2013) ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 34:3035–3087
Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien
Interessenkonflikt. R. Dörr, J. Stumpf, J. Dalibor, G. Simonis und S.G. Spitzer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dörr, R., Stumpf, J., Dalibor, J. et al. Perkutane koronare Intervention versus Bypass-Operation bei Patienten mit Diabetes und koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung. Herz 39, 331–342 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-014-4089-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-014-4089-y