Abstract
Spatio-seasonal variability of long-term trends in mean and 95th percentile wind speeds for the term between 1979 and 2016, over the Black Sea is presented. Our aim is to contribute the existing literature by presenting the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the long-term trends in both moderate and severe wind speeds on a monthly basis. The analysis is conducted by using two different data; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-ERA-Interim and U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) to perform a comparative analysis. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope methods are used to determine the trends and their significance over the Black Sea. CFSR winds presented higher interannual variability than the ERA-Interim. ERA-Interim indicates that annual mean and 95th percentile wind speeds have decreasing trends down to − 0.17%/year and − 0.20%/year in the Sea of Azov, while they have an increasing trend up to 0.35%/year and 0.38%/year in the eastern part, respectively. Results indicate that wind speeds are increasing over 28% ~ 36% of the Black Sea surface area while the wind speeds are decreasing over 2% ~ 4% of the surface area. Pacific North American Oscillation presented an influence almost all over the Black Sea with statistically significant correlation coefficients over 0.5. North Atlantic Oscillation dominates over the southwestern, western and northern Black Sea with inverse correlation coefficients over 0.6. ERA-Interim and CFSR data illustrated a similar distribution pattern over the Black Sea in means of the relation of variations in wind speeds to the teleconnection indices.
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Acknowledgements
This study is funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK (Grant Number: 116M061) and European Union Era.Net RusPlus (Grant Number: BS STEMA 42/2016). Authors thank the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing ERA-Interim wind data, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service for providing CFSR wind data, and the EMODnet Bathymetry Portal for shoreline data.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Tunay Çarpar, Berna Ayat and Burak Aydoğan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Tunay Carpar and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Çarpar, T., Ayat, B. & Aydoğan, B. Spatio-Seasonal Variations in Long-Term Trends of Offshore Wind Speeds Over the Black Sea; an Inter-Comparison of Two Reanalysis Data. Pure Appl. Geophys. 177, 3013–3037 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02361-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02361-7