Neural glycomics: the sweet side of nervous system functions

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences volume 78, pages93–116(2021)Cite this article

Abstract

The success of investigations on the structure and function of the genome (genomics) has been paralleled by an equally awesome progress in the analysis of protein structure and function (proteomics). We propose that the investigation of carbohydrate structures that go beyond a cell’s metabolism is a rapidly developing frontier in our expanding knowledge on the structure and function of carbohydrates (glycomics). No other functional system appears to be suited as well as the nervous system to study the functions of glycans, which had been originally characterized outside the nervous system. In this review, we describe the multiple studies on the functions of LewisX, the human natural killer cell antigen-1 (HNK-1), as well as oligomannosidic and sialic (neuraminic) acids. We attempt to show the sophistication of these structures in ontogenetic development, synaptic function and plasticity, and recovery from trauma, with a view on neurodegeneration and possibilities to ameliorate deterioration. In view of clinical applications, we emphasize the need for glycomimetic small organic compounds which surpass the usefulness of natural glycans in that they are metabolically more stable, more parsimonious to synthesize or isolate, and more advantageous for therapy, since many of them pass the blood brain barrier and are drug-approved for treatments other than those in the nervous system, thus allowing a more ready access for application in neurological diseases. We describe the isolation of such mimetic compounds using not only Western NIH, but also traditional Chinese medical libraries. With this review, we hope to deepen the interests in this exciting field.

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Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1129869 to V.S.). The Li Kashing Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for support (LD030302 to M.S.).

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Affiliations

  1. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Vladimir Sytnyk & Iryna Leshchyns’ka

  2. Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China

    Melitta Schachner

  3. Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA

    Melitta Schachner

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  1. Vladimir Sytnyk
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  2. Iryna Leshchyns’ka
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  3. Melitta Schachner
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All authors have made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the review, analyzed the literature, and drafted the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vladimir Sytnyk.

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Sytnyk, V., Leshchyns’ka, I. & Schachner, M. Neural glycomics: the sweet side of nervous system functions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78, 93–116 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03578-9

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Keywords

  • Glycans
  • Neurons
  • Brain
  • Regeneration
  • Synaptic plasticity
  • Glycomimetics