TGF-β1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of prostate cancer cells by inducing PCBP1 degradation and alternative splicing of CD44

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences volume 78, pages949–962(2021)Cite this article

Abstract

CD44 is a marker of cancer stem cell (CSC) in many types of tumors. Alternative splicing of its 20 exons generates various CD44 isoforms that have different tissue specific expression and functions, including the CD44 standard isoform (CD44s) encoded by the constant exons and the CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v) with variant exon insertions. Switching between the CD44v and CD44s isoforms plays pivotal roles in tumor progression. Here we reported a novel mechanism of CD44 alternative splicing induced by TGF-β1 and its connection to enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness in human prostate cancer cells. TGF-β1 treatment increased the expression of CD44s and N-cadherin while decreased the expression of CD44v and E-cadherin in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Other EMT markers and cancer stem cell markers were also upregulated after TGF-β1 treatment. RNAi knockdown of CD44 reversed the phenotype, which could be rescued by overexpressing CD44s but not CD44v, indicating the alternatively spliced isoform CD44s mediated the activity of TGF-β1 treatment. Mechanistically, TGF-β1 treatment induced the phosphorylation, poly-ubiquitination, and degradation of PCBP1, a well-characterized RNA binding protein known to regulate CD44 splicing. RNAi knockdown of PCBP1 was able to mimic TGF-β1 treatment to increase the expression of CD44s, as well as the EMT and cancer stem cell markers. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to show that CD44s promoted prostate cancer cell migration, invasion, and tumor initiation. Taken together, we defined a mechanism by which TGF-β1 induces CD44 alternative splicing and promotes prostate cancer progression.

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Acknowledgements

The work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81702498); Shanghai Jiao Tong university school of medicine multi-center clinical research project (DLY201809); General Scientific Research Project of Health and Family Planning Commission in Lianyungang City (201832).

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Author notes

  1. Qi Chen, Meng Gu, Zhi-kang Cai contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China

    Qi Chen, Meng Gu, Zhi-kang Cai, Chong Liu, Ming Zhan, Yan-bo Chen & Zhong Wang

  2. Department of Urology, Guanyun People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China

    Hu Zhao & Shi-cheng Sun

Authors
  1. Qi Chen
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  2. Meng Gu
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  3. Zhi-kang Cai
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  4. Hu Zhao
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  8. Yan-bo Chen
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Contributions

ZW, YBC and QC conceived the project, designed the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. QC, MG and ZKC performed and interpreted the majority of the experiments. HZ, SCS, CL and MZ performed experiments and analyzed the data. ZW and YBC supervised the project.

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Correspondence to Yan-bo Chen or Zhong Wang.

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Chen, Q., Gu, M., Cai, Zk. et al. TGF-β1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of prostate cancer cells by inducing PCBP1 degradation and alternative splicing of CD44. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 78, 949–962 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03544-5

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Keywords

  • CD44
  • Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
  • Alternative splicing
  • Cancer stem cell