Skip to main content
Log in

Early Introduction of Non-Formula Cow’s Milk to Southern Ontario Infants

  • Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background: Early introduction of cow’s milk is a risk factor for the development of anaemia and iron deficiency, which is associated with lower childhood developmental scores. The objective of this paper is to describe the incidence of the introduction of cow’s milk before the recommended age of nine months and factors associated with early introduction.

Methods: Mothers of healthy term infants were invited to take part in the Infant Feeding Survey in 2002–2003. These mothers, from Southern Ontario, were interviewed by telephone at three and nine months postpartum to determine infant feeding practices.

Results: One in eight (12.7%) mothers completing the second interview indicated that they were feeding their infant non-formula cow’s milk as the primary source of milk before nine months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that mothers feeding cow’s milk before nine months were younger, lived in households with lower annual incomes, and were less likely to have attended prenatal classes or to recall receiving information on the introduction of solid foods. They were also more likely to have introduced solid foods or skimmed milk before the recommended ages.

Conclusion: A substantial proportion of Southern Ontario infants are receiving cow’s milk before the recommended age, putting them at increased risk for iron deficiency and the resulting sequelae. Further research into why guidelines are not followed is indicated.

Résumé

Contexte: L’introduction précoce du lait de vache est un facteur de risque lié à l’anémie et à la carence en fer, lesquelles sont associées à de moins bons indices de développement du jeune enfant. Nous avons voulu décrire l’incidence de l’introduction du lait de vache avant l’âge recommandé de neuf mois et les facteurs associés à son introduction précoce.

Méthode: Nous avons invité les mères de nourrissons en bonne santé nés à terme à participer à l’enquête Infant Feeding Survey en 2002–2003. Ces mères, qui habitent le Sud de l’Ontario, ont été interviewées par téléphone trois et neuf mois après l’accouchement au sujet de l’alimentation de leur nourrisson.

Résultats: Lors de la deuxième entrevue, une mère sur huit (12,7 %) a déclaré que le lait de vache (non offert en préparation lactée) était la principale source de lait de son nourrisson avant neuf mois. Une analyse de régression logistique multivariable a montré que les mères qui nourrissaient leurs bébés de moins de neuf mois au lait de vache étaient relativement jeunes, qu’elles vivaient dans des ménages dont le revenu annuel était relativement faible, et qu’elles étaient moins susceptibles d’avoir assisté à des rencontres prénatales ou de se rappeler avoir reçu de l’information sur l’introduction des aliments solides. Elles étaient aussi plus susceptibles d’avoir introduit les aliments solides ou le lait écrémé avant l’âge recommandé.

Conclusion: Une proportion importante de nourrissons du Sud de l’Ontario sont nourris au lait de vache avant l’âge recommandé, ce qui accroît leur risque de présenter une carence en fer et ses séquelles. Il faudrait pousser la recherche sur les raisons de la non-observance des lignes directrices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and Health Canada. Nutition for healthy term infants: Statement of the joint working group. H39-153/1-198E. Ottawa, Ontario, Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Daly A. Prevention of anaemia in inner-city toddlers by the use of a follow-on formula. Professional Care of Mother and Child 1997;7(5):141–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gill DG, Vincent S, Segal DS. Follow-on formula in the prevention of iron deficiency: A multi-centre study. Acta Paediatr 1997;86(7):683–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Willows ND, Dewailly E, Gray-Donald K. Anemia and iron status in Inuit infants from northern Quebec. Can J Public Health 2000;91(6):407–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Faldella G, Corvaglia L, Lanari M, Salvioli GP. Iron balance and iron nutrition in infancy. ACTA Paediatric Supplement 2003;91(441):82–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Hagen J, Mollen E, Wolf AW. Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 2000;105(4):E51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kazal LA. Prevention of iron deficiency in infants and toddlers. Am Fam Phys 2002;66(7):1217–24.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Pan American Health Organization. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. 2003. Washington, DC: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  9. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk (RE9729). Pediatrics 1997;100(6):1035–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Freeman V, Hof M, Haschke F, Euro-Growth Study Group. Patterns of milk and food intake in infants from birth to age 36 months: The Euro-Growth study. J Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2000;31(S1):S76–S85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Savage SJ, Reilly JJ, Edwards CA, Durnin JV. Weaning practice in the Glasgow Longitudinal Infant Growth Study. Arch Dis Childhood 1998;79:153–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ummarino M, Albano F, DeMarco G, Mangani S, Aceto B, Ummarino D, et al. Short duration of breastfeeding and early introduction of cow’s milk as a result of mothers’ low level of education. ACTA Paediatric Supplement 2003;441(S):12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Giovannini M, Riva E, Banderali G, Scaglioni S, Vehof S, Sala M, et al. Feeding practices of infants through the first year of life in Italy. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:492–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lande B, Andersen LF, Baerug A, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Veierod MB, et al. Infant feeding practices and associated factors in the first six months of life: The Norwegian Infant Nutrition Survey. Acta Paediatr 2003;92:152–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Canadian Intergovernmental Conference Secretariat, editor. First Ministers’ Meeting Communique on Early Childhood Development. First Ministers’ Meeting; 00 Oct 11; Ottawa: 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0. College Station, Texas: Stata Press, 2003.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brenda L. Coleman RN, PhD candidate.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Coleman, B.L. Early Introduction of Non-Formula Cow’s Milk to Southern Ontario Infants. Can J Public Health 97, 187–190 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405581

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405581

MeSH terms

Navigation