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A First Nations Voice in the Present Creates Healing in the Future

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Abstract

This paper discusses the urgency for change and improvements in health policy determined by the exploding demographics and inequities in the health status of First Nation people. A historical overview of health services for First Nation clients was conducted as set out through government legislation and health and social policies.

Until WWII ended, the federal government provided assistance to First Nations through Indian Affairs branches of several departments. This responsibility was gradually transferred to National Health and Welfare. In 1962, the federal government established a Medical Services Branch, later renamed First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, and mandated to provide services to First Nation clients, which fell outside the provincial jurisdiction of health care. Initially centered on public health priorities, services have expanded to include primary health care, dental, mental health, environmental health, home and continuing care, and Non-Insured Health Benefits.

The Romanow Report substantiated the urgency for health policy improvements voiced by many First Nations. However, it generalized Aboriginal issues in health care on a national front. Furthermore, its recommendations were specific to health care providers and delivery models and did not address the social and spiritual determinants of health, which are fundamental to a First Nations’ holistic approach. Health planners must think holistically, considering traditional and westernized medicine, First Nations’ values, priorities and government systems, and present and evolving health systems. Universities, health authorities, provinces and the federal government are continually developing new research and health models, which will also need consideration. Further, the imperative of involving community-level input must be recognized.

Résumé

Cet article porte sur l’urgence de changer et d’améliorer les politiques sanitaires, étant donné l’explosion démographique observée chez les Premières nations et les injustices qu’elles vivent sur le plan de la santé. Nous avons fait un survol historique des services de santé à l’intention des Premières nations dans les lois et les politiques gouvernementales sur la santé et les services sociaux.

Jusqu’à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le gouvernement fédéral offrait une aide aux Premières nations par le biais des directions des affaires indiennes de plusieurs ministères. Cette responsabilité a progressivement été dévolue au ministère de la Santé nationale et du Bien-être social. En 1962, le gouvernement fédéral a créé une Direction générale des services médicaux, rebaptisée „ Direction générale de la santé des Premières nations et des Inuits ” (DGSPNI) par la suite, et lui a confié le mandat de desservir la clientèle des Premières nations, dont les soins de santé n’étaient pas du ressort des provinces. Articulés initialement autour de priorités de santé publique, les services de la DGSPNI ont été étendus aux soins de santé primaires, aux soins dentaires, à la santé mentale, à l’hygiène du milieu, aux soins à domicile et aux soins prolongés, ainsi qu’aux services de santé non assurés.

Le rapport Romanow a confirmé l’urgence d’apporter les améliorations aux politiques sanitaires que réclament de nombreuses Premières nations. Le rapport aborde cependant les problèmes autochtones au chapitre des soins de santé en termes généraux et dans une optique nationale. De plus, ses recommandations portent spécifiquement sur les dispensateurs de soins de santé et les modes de prestation, en négligeant les déterminants sociaux et spirituels de la santé, pourtant à la base de l’approche holistique des Premières nations. Il faudrait que les planificateurs des services de santé aient une pensée holistique qui tienne compte de la médecine traditionnelle et occidentalisée, des valeurs, des priorités et des systèmes de gouvernement des Premières nations, ainsi que des systèmes de santé actuels et en devenir. Les universités, les autorités sanitaires, les provinces et le gouvernement fédéral élaborent constamment de nouveaux modèles de recherche et de santé dont il faut aussi tenir compte. Enfin, il faut reconnaître la nécessité absolue de solliciter l’apport de la communauté.

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Correspondence to Melanie MacKinnon BN.

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MacKinnon, M., Grand Rapids Cree Nation. A First Nations Voice in the Present Creates Healing in the Future. Can J Public Health 96 (Suppl 1), S13–S16 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405310

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