Abstract
Using a Co-Ni bimetallic catalyst we investigated the catalytic graphitization of phenolic resin at 400, 600, 800, and 1000°C under an Ar atmosphere. The structure and morphology of the pyrolyzed resin were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the optimum catalytic graphitization temperature of phenolic resin is 800°C, both carbon nanotubes and carbon onions are formed in the final products.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Makarevich, N.I., Sushko, N.I., Ivanov, A.I., Lingart, E.N., Glazova, T.I., Prutkov, L.M.: Pyrolysis of some commercial phenol-formaldehyde bonding agents. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 26 (1977) [4] 531–535
Trick, K.A., Saliba, T.E.: Mechanisms of the pyrolysis of phenolic resin in a carbon/phenolic composite. Carbon 33(1995) [11] 1509–1515
Wang, J.G., Guo, Q.G., Liu, L., Song, J.R.: Study on the microstructural evolution of high temperature adhesives for graphite bonding. Carbon 40 (2002) [13] 2447–2452
Bafekrpour, E., Simon, G.P., Habsuda, J., Naebe, M., Yang, C., Fox, B.: Fabrication and characterization of functionally graded synthetic graphite/phenolic nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering A545 (2012) 123–131
Luo, M., Li, Y., Sang, S., Zhao, L., Jin, S., Li, Y.: In situ formation of carbon nanotubes and ceramic whiskers in Al2O3-C refractories with addition of Ni-catalyzed phenolic resin. Materials Science and Engineering A 558 (2012) 533–542
Jiang, H., Wang, J., Wu, S., Wang, B., Wang, Z.: Pyrolysis kinetics of phenol-formaldehyde resin by non-isothermal thermogravimetry. Carbon 48 (2010) [2] 352–358
Inagaki, M., Fujita, K., Takeuchi, Y., Oshida, K., Iwata, H., Konno, H.: Formation of graphite crystals at 1000–1200°C from mixtures of vinyl polymers with metal oxides. Carbon 39 (2001) [6] 921–929
Ramakrishnan, S., Jelmy, E.J., Dhakshnamoorthy, M., Rangarajan, M., Kothurkar, N.: Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from ethanol using RF-CCVD and Fe-Mo catalyst. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic and Nano-Metal Chemistry 44 (2014), 44 [6] 873–876
Tian, Y., Hu, Z., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Ji, W., Chen, Y.: Thermal analysis — mass spectroscopy coupling as a powerful technique to study the growth of carbon nanotubes from benzene. Chemical Physics Letters 388 (2004) [4–6] 259–262
Li, Y., Li, X.K., Liu, L.: The production of CNTs by catalytic decomposition of different source gases. New Carbon Materials 19 (2004) [4] 298–302
Shaikjee, A., Coville, N.J.: The role of the hydrocarbon source on the growth of carbon materials. Carbon 50 (2012) [10] 3376–3398
Simate, G.S., Iyuke, S.E., Ndlovu, S., Yah, C.S., Walubita, L.F.: The production of carbon nanotubes from carbon dioxide: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 19 (2010) [5] 453–460
Stamatin, I., Morozan, A., Dumitru, A., Ciupina, V., Prodan, G., Niewolski, J. et al.: The synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by catalytic pyrolysis of the phenol-formaldehyde resins. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 37 (2007) [1–2] 44–48
Quan, C., Li, A., Gao, N.: Synthesis of carbon nanotubes and porous carbons from printed circuit board waste pyrolysis oil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 179 (2010) [1–3] 911–917
Skowroński, J.M., Knofczyński, K., Inagaki, M.: Changes in electrochemical insertion of lithium into glass-like carbon affected by catalytic graphitization at 1000°C. Solid State Ionics 178 (2007) [1–2] 137–144
Xu, S., Zhang, F., Kang, Q., Liu, S., Cai, Q.: The effect of magnetic field on the catalytic graphitization of phenolic resin in the presence of Fe-Ni. Carbon 47 (200) [14] 3233–3237
Jin, Y., Wang, G., Li, Y.: Catalytic growth of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes over a Fe/MgO catalyst derived from a precursor containing Feitknecht compound. Applied Catalysis A General 445–446 (2012) 121–127
Zhao, M., Song, H., Chen, X., Lian, W.: Large-scale synthesis of onion-like carbon nanoparticles by carbonization of phenolic resin. Acta Materialia 55 (2007) [18] 6144–6150
Yan, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, F., Tu, B., Zhao, D.: Low-temperature solution synthesis of carbon nanoparticles, onions and nanoropes by the assembly of aromatic molecules. Carbon 45 (2007) [11] 2209–2216
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J., Deng, X., Zhang, H. et al. Low-Temperature Catalytic Graphitization of Phenolic Resin Using a Co-Ni Bimetallic Catalyst. Interceram. - Int. Ceram. Rev. 65, 24–27 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401183
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401183