Skip to main content
Log in

Is Any Human Behavior Schedule-Induced?

  • Article
  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Theoretical and empirical studies of schedule-induced behavior in humans are examined. As there is no terminological consensus in the field, a set of terms is defined, based on suggestions from several authors.

Methodological problems in existing research are highlighted, with special regard to the choice of baseline schedules of reinforcement in experiments. In a majority of studies where researchers claim to have found schedule-induced behavior in humans it is highly doubtful whether this is the case, because inadequate baseline schedules have been used.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ALLEN, J. D., & WEIDINGER, R. C. (1980). Truly random reinforcement intervals do produce schedule-induced polydipsia. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 175.

    Google Scholar 

  • BROWN, P. L, & JENKINS, H. M. (1968). Auto-shaping of the pigeon’s key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BRYANT, W. E., & PORTER, J. H. (1983). A comparison of schedule-induced wheel running in rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 21, 311–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BUSKIST, W. F., MILLER, H. L, Jr., & BENNETT, R. H. (1980). Fixed-interval performance in humans: Sensitivity to temporal parameters when food is the reinforcer. The Psychological Record, 30, 111–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CAMPAGNONI, E R., COHEN, P. S., & YOBURN, B. C. (1981). Organization of attack and other behaviors of White King pigeons exposed to intermittent water presentations. Animal Learning & Behavior, 9, 491–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CHEREK, D. R. (1982). Schedule-induced cigarette self-administration. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 17, 523–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COHEN, P. S., & LOONEY, T. A. (1984). Induction by reinforcer schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 41, 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOYLE, T. F., & SAMSON, H. H. (1985). Schedule-induced drinking in humans: A potential factor in excessive alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 16, 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOYLE, T. F., & SAMSON, H. H. (1988). Adjunctive alcohol drinking in humans. Physiology and Behavior, 44, 775–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPLING, W. F., PIERCE, W. D., & STEFAN, L. (1983). A theory of activity-based anorexia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 3(1), 27–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FALK, J. L. (1961). Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule. Science, 133, 195–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FALK, J. L. (1971). The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior. Physiology and Behavior, 6, 577–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FALK, J. L. (1977). The origin and functions of adjunctive behavior. Animal Learning & Behavior, 5, 325–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FALK, J. L. (1986). The formation and function of ritual behavior. In T. Thompson & M. D. Zeiler (Eds.), Analysis and integration of behavioral units (pp. 335–355). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • FALK, J. L., & TANG, M. (1988). What schedule-induced polydipsia can tell us about alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 577–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FALLON, J. H., Jr., ALLEN, J. D., & BUTLER, J. A. (1979). Assessment of adjunctive behaviors in humans using a stringent control procedure. Physiology & Behavior, 22, 1089–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FANTINO, E., & LOGAN, C. A. (1978). The experimental analysis of behavior. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • FOSTER, W. S. (1978). Adjunctive behavior: An underreported phenomenon in applied behavior analysis? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 545–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FREDERIKSEN, L. W., & PETERSON, G. L (1974). Schedule-induced aggression in nursery school children. The Psychological Record, 24, 343–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FRICCHIONE, G., KELLEHER, S., & AYYALA, M. (1987). Coexisting central diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 75–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GRANGER, R. G., PORTER, J. H., & CHRISTOPH, N. L. (1984). Schedule-induced behavior in children as a function of interreinforcement interval length. Physiology & Behavior, 33, 153–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HARRELL, W. A. (1972). Effects of extinction on magnitude of aggression in humans. Psychonomic Science, 29, 213–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HAYES, S. C., BROWNSTEIN, A. J., ZETTLE, R. D., ROSENFARB, I., & KORN, Z. (1986). Rule-governed behavior and sensitivity to changing consequences of responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 237–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • HAYES, S. C., KOHLENBERG, B. S., & MELANCON, S. M. (1989). Avoiding and altering rule-control as a strategy of clinical intervention. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior (pp. 359–385). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • HOPPMANN, R. A., & ALLEN, J. D. (1979). A test of the generality of schedule induced polydipsia to wild caught Norway rats. Physiology & Behavior, 22, 379–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KACHANOFF, R., LEVEILLE, R., McLELLAND, J. P., & WAYNER, M. J. (1973). Schedule induced behavior in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 11, 395–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KAZDIN, A. E. (1973). The failure of some patients to respond to token programs. Journal of Behaviour Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 7–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • KEEHN, J. D. (1985). Concurrent acquisition and maintenance of schedule-induced licking and biting by two strains of rats. The Psychological Record, 35, 559–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • KELLY, J. F., & HAKE, D. F. (1970). An extinction-induced increase in an aggressive response with humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 14, 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LEFRANCOIS, G. R. (1980). Psychology Belmont, Ca: Wadsworth.

  • LINDMAN, R. (1982). Social and solitary drinking: Effects on consumption and mood in male social drinkers. Physiology & Behavior, 28, 1093–1095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LOONEY, T. A., & COHEN, P. S. (1982). Aggression induced by intermittent positive reinforcement. Biobehavioral Reviews, 6, 15–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LOONEY, T. A., & MCCLURE, J. T. (1981). A comparison of schedule-induced attack in White King and White Carneaux pigeons. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 133–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LORENZ, K. (1967). On aggression. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • MOR, F., MOR-SNIR, I., & WYSENBEEK, A. J. (1987). Rhabdomyolysis in self-induced water intoxication. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 742–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MEICHENBAUM, D., & CAMERON, R. (1982). Cognitive-behavior therapy. In G. T. Wilson & C. M. Franks (Eds.), Contemporary behavior therapy (pp. 310–338). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MÜLLER, P. G., CROW, R. E., & CHENEY, C. D. (1979). Schedule-induced locomotor activity in humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31, 83–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OEI, T. P. S., & SINGER, G. (1979). Effects of a fixed time schedule and body weight on ethanol self-administration. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 10, 767–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OVERSKEID, G. (1987). Aspekter ved skjema-indusert adferd [Aspects of schedule-induced behavior]. Diskriminanten, 14(3), 5–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • PORTER, J. H., BROWN, R. T., & GOLDSMITH, P. A. (1982). Adjunctive behavior in children on fixed interval food reinforcement schedules. Physiology & Behavior, 28, 609–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PORTER, J. H., HASTINGS, M. T., Jr., PAGELS, J. F. (1980). Schedule-induced polydipsia in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 15–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PRIOR, M., WALLACE, M., & MILTON, I. (1984). Schedule-induced behavior in hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 227–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROPER, T. J. (1981). What is meant by the term “schedule-induced,” and how general is schedule induction? Animal Learning & Behavior, 9, 433–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ROUBICEK, C. B., & RAY, D. E. (1969). Genetic selection for adipsia and polydipsia in the rat. Journal of Heredity, 60, 332–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RUSHEN, J. (1984). Stereotyped behaviour, adjunctive drinking and the feeding periods of tethered sows. Animal Behaviour, 32, 1059–1067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SKINNER, B. R, & MORSE, W. H. (1957). Concurrent activity under fixed-interval reinforcement. The Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50, 279–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SPIGA, R., ZEICHNER, A., & ALLEN, J. D. (1986). Human schedule-induced cardiovascular response. Physiology & Behavior, 36, 133–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • STADDON, J. E. R. (1977). Schedule-induced behavior. In W. K. Honig & J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 125–152). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • STADDON, J. E. R., & AYRES, S. L. (1975). Sequential and temporal properties of behavior induced by a schedule of periodic food delivery. Behaviour, 54, 26–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • STADDON, J. E. R., & SIMMELHAG, V. (1971). The “superstition” experiment: A reexamination for the principles of adaptive behavior. Psychological Review, 78, 3–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TAKAHASHI, M., & IWAMOTO, T. (1986). Human concurrent performances: The effects of experience, instructions, and schedule-correlated stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 257–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • TODD, J. T., MORRIS, E. K., & FENZA, K. M. (1989). Temporal organization of extinction-induced responding in preschool children. The Psychological Record, 39, 117–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VIEWEG, W. V. R., DAVID, J. J., ROWE, W. T., PEACH, M. J., VELDHUIS, J. D., KAISER, D. L, & SPRADLIN, W. W. (1985). Psychogenic polydipsia and water intoxication - concepts that have failed. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 1308–1320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, M., & OEI, T. P. S. (1981). Differences in schedule induced behaviour as a function of reinforcer in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 27, 1027–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, M., SANSON, A., & SINGER, G. (1978). Adjunctive behavior in humans on a food delivery schedule. Physiology & Behavior, 20, 203–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, M., & SINGER, G. (1976). Adjunctive behavior and smoking Induced by a maze solving schedule in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 17, 849–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WALLACE, M., SINGER, G., WAYNER, M. J., & COOK, P. (1975). Adjunctive behavior in humans during game playing. Physiology and Behavior, 14, 651–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ZUBENKO, G. S. (1987). Water homeostasis in psychiatric patients. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 121–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

The preparation of this article was supported in part by a grant from The Norwegian Work Life Center. Thanks are due to Per Saugstad and Andrew Hutter for helpful comments.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Overskeid, G. Is Any Human Behavior Schedule-Induced?. Psychol Rec 42, 323–340 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399605

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399605

Navigation