Abstract
The raspberry aphid Amphorophora idaei is a major pest of the raspberry plant and a vector of different viruses like Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), Raspberry leaf spot virus (RLSV), Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) and Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV). Aphid resistant raspberry genotypes additionally show a reduced occurrence of viruses, thus the aim of this study was to investigate whether the feeding behaviour of A. idaei differs between aphid resistant and susceptible plants. In a biotest the cultivars (cvs.)‘Titan’,‘Rumiloba’,‘Nootka’,‘Schoenemann’,‘Williamette’ and‘Autumn Bliss’ show different levels of resistance. A significantly lower population was observed after 27 d on the resistant cvs.‘Rumiloba’ and‘Autumn Bliss’ in comparison to the other cultivars tested. The number of aphids on cv.‘Nootka’ was higher than on the resistant cultivars but significantly lower than on the susceptible cvs.‘Titan’,‘Williamette’ and‘Schoenemann’. The feeding behaviour was studied over a period of 12 h on plants of the cvs.‘Rumiloba’,‘Nootka’,‘Schoenemann’ and‘Autumn Bliss’ by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Overall between 62% and 68% aphids tested per cultivar made probes on the leaves and penetrated into the phloem. On the resistant cv.‘Rumiloba’ the aphids started to probe considerably later (49.3 min) than on the other cultivars (12.1 to 33.1 min). In contrast, the first probe on‘Rumiloba’ was shorter (2.2 min) than on the resistant cultivars (23.9 to 63.5 min). On average the aphids attained the phloem on the susceptible cv.‘Schoenemann’ considerably earlier (221.1 min) than on the resistant cultivars (349.5 to 370.4 min). On the resistant cv.‘Nootka’ significant differences were found for the duration of phloem salivation (E1-pattern, 810.9 s in comparison to 24.3 to 176.9 s), the number of phloem salivation phases (2.7 in comparison to 0.1 to 0.2) and the number of phloem contacts before the sustainable phloem feeding (> 10 min) started (1.1 in comparison to 0.1 to 0.2). No differences were found between the cultivars for the number and duration of potential drops (cell penetrations) during the pathway to the phloem, analysed during the first 2 hours of the experiments. The obtained results indicate that the probing and feeding behaviour of A. idaei, which is responsible for virus transmission, is not sufficiently different between resistant and susceptible cultivars to be the reason for virus resistance.
Zusammenfassung
Die Große Himbeerlaus Amphorophora idaei ist ein Direktschädling der Himbeere und natürlicher Vektor verschiedener Viren wie des Raspberry leaf mottle virus (RLMV), Raspberry leaf spot virus (RLSV), Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) und Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV). Da blattlausresistente Sorten auch einen verminderten Virusbefall aufweisen, war es Ziel dieser Untersuchungen zu prüfen, ob das Saugverhalten der Aphiden an blattlausresistenten und -anfälligen Sorten Unterschiede aufweist. Die Sorten‚Titan’,‚Rumiloba’,‚Nootka’,‚Schönemann’,‚Williamette’ und‚Autumn Bliss’ zeigten unterschiedliche Resistenzniveaus. Die Sorten‚Rumiloba’ und‚Autumn Bliss’ wiesen nach 27 d einen im Vergleich zu den anderen Sorten signifikant geringeren Befall auf. Auf‚Nootka’ war nach dieser Zeit der Befall höher als auf den beiden resis-tenten Sorten, aber immer noch signifikant geringer als auf den anfälligen Sorten‚Titan’,‚Williamette’ und‚Schönemann’. Mittels der Technik der elektrischen Registrierung des Einstichverhaltens (electrical penetration graph — EPG) wurde das Saugverhalten apterer Weibchen von A. idaei auf Pflanzen der Sorten‚Rumiloba’,‚Nootka’,‚Schönemann’ und‚Autumn Bliss’ über 12 h registriert. Von den maximal 22 untersuchten Läusen/Sorte saugten innerhalb des Untersuchungszeitraumes zwischen 62% und 68% der Tiere an den Blättern und erreichten das Phloem. Auf der Sorte‚Rumiloba’ stachen die Tiere mit 49,3 min im Mittel deutlich später ein als auf den anderen Sorten (12,1 bis 33,1 min). Der erste Probestich war auf‚Rumiloba’ dagegen mit durchschnittlich 2,2 min deutlich kürzer als auf den anderen Sorten (23,9 bis 63,5 min). Im Mittel erreichten die Tiere auf der anfälligen Sorte‚Schönemann’ das Phloem etwas früher (221,1 min) als auf den resis-tenten Sorten (349,5 min bis 370,4 min). An der Sorte‚Nootka’ bestanden im Vergleich zu allen anderen Sorten signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Dauer der Speichelabgabephasen (E1) in das Phloem (810,9 s gegenüber 24,3 bis 176,9 s), der Häufigkeit dieser Phase (2,7 gegenüber 0,2 bis 0,8) und der Anzahl von Phloemkontakten vor dem Beginn eines dauerhaften Phloemsaugens (1,1 gegenüber 0,1 bis 0,2). Die Anzahl und Dauer von Einstichen in die Zellen während des extrazellulären Vordringens des Stylettbündels zum Phloem zeigten dagegen keine statistisch gesicherten Unterschiede zwischen den Sorten. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass sich die für eine Virusübertragung relevanten Parameter im Einstich- und Saugverhalten der Aphiden zwischen den verschiedenen Sorten nicht so weit unterscheiden, um damit eine Virusresistenz zu erklären.
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Schliephake, E. Aphid resistance in raspberry and feeding behaviour of Amphorophora idaei. J Plant Dis Prot 117, 60–66 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356336
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356336
Key words
- Amphorophora idaei
- aphids
- electrical penetration graph
- EPG
- great raspberry aphid
- probing behaviour
- raspberry
- resistance
- Rubus idaeus