Skip to main content
Log in

Control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) with bicarbonate salts under controlled environment

Bekämpfung des Apfelschorfs (Venturia inaequalis) mit Bicarbonatsalzen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen

  • Published:
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effectiveness of potassium bicarbonate against Venturi a inaequalis, the cause of apple scab, was studied. In vitro experiments with sodium, ammonium and potassium bicarbonate, as well as potassium phosphate used at 1% (w/v), reduced colony growth of V. inaequalis by 99, 98, 90 and 64%, respectively. Under controlled conditions in greenhouse experiments, a single spray of 0.5 or 1% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium or potassium bicarbonate applied on young apple seedlings, 24 h before or 24 h after scab artificial inoculation, significantly controlled the disease. Greater effectiveness of potassium bicarbonate was recorded when the period of time before or after the inoculation was reduced. A significant increase of the fungicide activity of potassium bicarbonate was observed when salt was mixed with mineral oils. However, combining potassium bicarbonate with vegetable linseed oil and grapefruit seed extract did not increase its efficacy whereas these two vegetable products used alone reduced significantly scab infections. Formulated potassium bicarbonate, under the trade name Armicarb® 100 and containing surfactant compounds, was more effective than bicarbonate alone. A phytotoxicity effect of potassium bicarbonate was observed with a 0.75% dose. The potential and limitations of potassium bicarbonate used to control apple scab in the field are discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Die Wirkung von Kaliumbicarbonat gegenüber Venturi a inaequalis, dem Erreger des Apfelschorfs, wurde untersucht. Natrium-, Ammonium- und Kaliumbicarbonate sowie Kalium-phosphat in einer Konzentration von jeweils 1% (w/v) verminderten das Koloniewachstum von V. inaequalis in vitro um 99, 98, 90 bzw. 64%. Die Krankheit konnte unter kontrollierten Bedingungen im Gewächshaus durch Einzelspritzungen einer 0,5 oder 1%igen (w/v) wässrigen Lösung von Natriumoder Kaliumbicarbonat 24 h vor oder nach der Inokulation junger Apfelsämlinge bekämpft werden. Eine Wirkungssteigerung von Kaliumbicarbonat wurde durch eine Verkürzung des Anwendungszeitraums vor oder nach der Inokulation erreicht. Eine Wirkungssteigerung wurde auch durch Mischung der Substanz mit mineralischen Ölen erzielt. Eine Zugabe von Leinöl oder Grapefruit-Samenextrakten hingegen steigerte die Wirkung von Kaliumbicarbonat nicht, während beide Produkte eine deutliche Einzelwirkung gegenüber dem Apfel-schorf aufwiesen. Mit Netzmitteln unter dem Handelsnamen Armicarb® 100 formuliertes Kaliumbicarbonat wirkte stärker als das reine Salz, das in einer Konzentration von 0,75% eine phytotoxische Wirkung zeigte. Das Potential und die Grenzen von Kaliumbicarbonat als Pflanzenschutzmittel gegen den Apfelschorf werden diskutiert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature

  • Anonymous, 2004: Note nationale tavelure du pommier 2004 redacting by INRA, CTIFL and DGAL-SDQPV. Phytoma 568, 26–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benaouf, G., L. Parisi, 1998: Characterisation of Ven turia inaequalis pathogenicity on leaf discs of apple trees. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 10, 785–793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, R.M., C.H. Wearing, R.R. Marshall, P.W. Shaw, M. Spink, P.N. Wood, 1996: Slaked lime, baking soda and mineral oil for black spot and powdery mildew control in apples. In: Proceedings of the 49th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Nelson, New Zealand, 13–15 August 1996, pp. 106–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, E.E., T.E. Smith, K.J. Shaw, J.G. Gaines, T.W. Graham, C.C. Yeager Jr., 1943: Fungicidal tests on blue mold (Peronospora tabacina) of tobacco. J. Agric. Res. 66, 261–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., U. Gisi, E. Mosinger, 1990: Germination and infectivity of Phytophthora infestans in the presence of fatty acids (Abstr.) Phytopathology 80, 1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Y., U. Gisi, E. Mosinger, 1991: Systemic resistance of potato plants against Phytophthora infestans induced by unsatured fatty acids. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 38, 255–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demeyere, A., R. de Turck, 2002: Utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques dans les principales cultures en Belgique durant la décennie 1991–2000. Ministère des Classes Moyennes et de l’Agriculture, Bruxelles, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallik, E., S. Grinberg, O. Ziv, 1997: Potassium bicarbonate reduce postharvest decay development on bell pepper fruits. J. Hort. Sci. 72, 35–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm-Wetzel, P., J. Schönherr, 2005: Erfolgreiche Bekämpfung des Apfelschorfs mit Kalziumhydroxid. Erwerbsobstbau 47, 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homma, Y., Y. Arimoto, T. Misato, 1981a: Studies on the control of plant disease by sodium bicarbonate formulation (Part 1). Effect of emulsifiers and surfactants on the protective values of sodium bicarbonate. J. Pest. Sci. 6, 145–153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homma, Y., Y. Arimoto, T. Misato, 1981b: Studies on the control of plant disease by sodium bicarbonate formulation (Part 2). Effect of sodium bicarbonate on each growth stage of cucumber powdery mildew fungus (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in its life cycle. J. Pest. Sci. 6, 201–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horst, R.K., S.O. Kawamoto, L.L. Porter, 1992: Effect of sodium bicarbonate and oils on the control of powdery mildew and black spot of roses. Plant Dis. 76, 247–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilhan, K., U. Arslan, O.A. Karabulut, 2006: The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with a reduced dose of tebuconazole on the control of apple scab. Crop Prot. 25, 963–967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamar, L., M. Lateur, 2005: Recherche de méthodes alternatives de lutte contre la tavelure du pommier dans le cadre de la production biologique: trois années d’expérimentation au CRA-W. Le Fruit Belge 515, 70–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamar, L., M. Lateur, 2007: Strategies to reduce copper use in organic apple production. Acta Hort. 737, 113–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, W., D.M. Parker, W. W. Turechec, C. Avilia-Adame, K. Cronshaw, 2004: A two-phase resistance response of Venturia inaequalis populations to the QoI fungicides kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin. Plant Dis. 88, 537–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lateur, M., C. Populer, 1996: Evaluation and identification methods used for apple genetic resources at the State Plant Pathology Station in Gembloux, Belgium. In: H.J. Case (ed.): European Malus Germplasm, pp. 78–87. ECP/GR and IPGRI, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lateur, M., J. Blazek, 2002: Evaluation descriptors for Malus. In: Report of a Working Group on Malus/Pyrus. Second Meeting, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany, 2–4 May 2002, pp. 76–82. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Machardy, W.E., 1996: A pple Scab, Biology, Epidemiology and Management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcgovern, R.J., A.E. Winston, R.E. Rouse, A.W. Welch, 2003: Reduction of defoliation in citrus caused by Mycosphaerella citri with a novel biocompatible fungicide. Plant Dis. 87, 134–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mlikota Gabler, F., J.L. Smilanick, 2001: Postharvest control of grape gray mold on detached berries with carbonate and bicarbonate salts and disinfectants. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 52, 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mmbaga, M.T., R.J. Sauve, 2004: Management of powdery mildew in flowering dogwood in the field with biorational and conventional fungicides. Can. J. Plant Sci., 84, 837–844.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Northover, J., K.E. Schneider, 1993: Activity of plant oils on disease caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, Venturia inaequalis and Albugo occidentalis. Plant Dis. 77, 152–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Northover, J., K.E. Schneider, 1996: Physical modes of action of petroleum and plant oils on powdery and downy mildews of grapevines. Plant Dis. 80, 544–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier, J.M., Y. Lespinasse, 1980: Etude de l’efficacité de fongicides antitavelures après contamination de pommiers en serre. I.–Méthode d’étude sur jeunes semis. Phytiat. Phytopharm. 29, 13–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osnaya-Gonzalez, M., E. Schlösser, 1998: Effect of vegetable oils on black spot of roses. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent. 63/3b, 995–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osnaya-Gonzalez, M., B. Steinhauer, E. Schlösser, 1998: Effect of alternative plant protection materials on blackspot of roses. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent. 62/3b, 1041–1045.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, C.L., R.K. Horst, R.W. Langhans, 1997: Use of bicarbonates to inhibit in vitro colony growth of Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis. 81, 1432–1438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punja, Z.K., R.G. Grogan, 1982: Effects of inorganics salts, carbonatebicarbonate anions, ammonia, and modifying influence of pH on sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytopathology 72, 635–639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Punja, Z.K., R.G. Grogan, T. Unruh, 1982: Chemical control of Sclerotium rolfsii on golf greens in northern California. Plant Dis. 66, 108–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reh, I., E. Schlösser, 1995: Control of powdery mildew on grapevine with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 60/2a, 321–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, A.L., I.R. Crute, 1994: Improved procedures for in vivo and in vitro production of conidial inoculum of Venturi a species of pome fruit. Ann. Appl. Biol. 125, 607–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, K., J. Schönherr, 2003: Calcium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and alkyl polyglycosides prevent spore germination and kill germ tubes of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzen.–J. Plant Dis. Protect. 110, 36–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smilanick, J.L., D.A. Margosan, F. Mlikota Gabler, J. Usall, I.F. Michael, 1999: Control of citrus green mold by carbonate and bicarbonate salts and the influence of commercial post-harvest practices on their efficacy. Plant Dis. 83, 139–145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smilanick, J.L., M.F. Mansour, D.A. Margosan, F. Mlikota Gabler, W.R. Goodwine, 2005: Influence of pH and NaHCO3 on effectiveness of imazalil to inhibit germination of Penicillium digitatum and to control postharvest green mold on citrus fruit. Plant Dis. 89, 640–648.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinhauer, B., K. Besser, 1997: Curative effect of vegetable oil and sodium bicarbonate on Sphaerotheca fuliginea on cucumber. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent 62/3b, 1035–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szkolnik, M., 1978: Techniques involved in greenhouse evaluation of deciduous tree fruit fungicides. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 16, 103–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trapman, M.C., M. Polfliet, 1997: Management of primary infections of apple scab with the simulation program Rimpro: review of four years field trials. IOBC Bull. 20, 241–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trapman, M., 2004: Evaluation of grapefruit seed extract as natural fungicide to control apple scab in organic apple growing. Eco Fruit Conference, 3–5 February 2004, Weinsberg, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington, W.S., O. Villalta, M. Appleby, 1998: Control of pear scab with hydrated lime alone or in schedules with other fungicide sprays. Crop Prot. 17, 569–580.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woedtke, T., P. Schlüter, P. Pfegel, U. Lindequist, W.D. Jüdlich, 1999: Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to the preservative substances contained. Pharmacie 54, 452–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziv, O., T.A. Zitter, 1992: Effects of bicarbonates and filmforming polymers on cucurbit foliar diseases. Plant Dis. 76, 513–517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Jamar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jamar, L., Lefrancq, B. & Lateur, M. Control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) with bicarbonate salts under controlled environment. J Plant Dis Prot 114, 221–227 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356221

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356221

Key words

Stichwörter

Navigation