Skip to main content
Log in

Influence of rain intensity and rapeseed oil ethoxylate adjuvants on biological efficacy of glyphosate

Einfluss der Regenintensität und Rapsölethoxylate auf die biologische Wirksamkeit von Glyphosat

  • Published:
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In order to investigate the impact of rapeseed oil ethoxylates (RSO) as tank-mix-adjuvants on the biological efficacy of glyphosate, three selected weed species (Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, and Setaria viridis) were exposed to three rain intensities (0.5 mm h−1; 5 mm h−1; 48 mm h−1) 2 h after herbicide application. Total precipitation amounted 5 mm rain in each group. In all weed species, torrential rain (48 mm h−1) caused an intense glyphosate wash-off, which could in part be reduced by addition of adjuvants. In S. viridis the addition of Rso’s did not enhance the biological activity if a heavy rain (5 mm h−1) was simulated, whereas addition of higher ethoxylated Rso’s to the spray solution resulted in reduced dry matter in C. album. In A. theophrasti the herbicidal solution containing Rso’s (except Rso 30) resulted in increased bio-performance after the heavy rain. When exposed to light rain (0.5 mm h−1), no significant differences could be established in any treatment group and weed species, except for Roundup Ultramax® in A. theophrasti. Results of biological efficacy of glyphosate solutions with or without rain exposition were analysed with respect to weed leaf micromorphology, which has been studied using a scanning electron microscope.

Zusammenfassung

Am Beispiel von drei ausgewählten Unkräutern (Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album und Setaria viridis) sollte der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Regenintensitäten (0,5 mm h−1, 5 mm h−1 und 48 mm h−1) sowie der Zusatz von Rapsöl-ethoxylaten zu der Spritzlösung auf die biologische Wirksamkeit des Herbizids Glyphosat untersucht werden. Zwei Stunden nach der Herbizid-Applikation wurden unabhängig von der Regenintensität 5 mm Regen simuliert. Starkregen (48 mm h−1) führte bei allen Unkräutern zu einer starken Abwaschung des Spritzbelages, die zum Teil durch den Zusatz von Adjuvantien vermindert werden konnte. In S. viridis verbesserte der Ethoxylatzusatz bei Dauerregen (5 mm h−1) die Regenbeständigkeit des Glyphosats nicht, wohingegen eine zunehmende Ethoxylierung bei C. album eine steigende biologische Wirksamkeit der Glyphosatlösungen zur Folge hatte. In A. theophrasti war nach Dauerregen eine Steigerung der herbizide Wirkung des Glyphosats bei Verwendung von Rapsölethoxylaten, mit Ausnahme von Rso 30, nachweisbar. Hinsichtlich der herbiziden Wirkung besaßen bei Nieselregen alle Rso/Glyphosat-Spritzlösungen bei den 3 verwendeten Unkräutern das gleiche Signifikanzniveau. Die biologische Wirksamkeit der Glyphosatlösungen an Regen–und nicht-Regenexponierten Pflanzen wurde im Zusammenhang mit der Blattmikromorphologie der Unkräuter betrachtet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature

  • Brauer, H., 1971: Grundlagen der Einphasen- und Mehrphasenströmungen, 134–142. Verlag Sauerländer, Arau, Frankfurt am Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, C.T., 1987: Effects of rainfall on foliar herbicides applied to rhizome johnsongrass. Weed Sci. 35, 115–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryson, C.T., 1988: Effects of rainfall on foliar herbicides applied to seedling johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). Weed Sci. 2, 153–158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caseley, J.C., D. Coupland, 1985: Environmental and plant factors affecting glyphosate uptake, movement and activity. In: GROSSBARD, E., D. ATKINSON (eds.): The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworths & Co. Ltd., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caseley, J.C., D. Coupland, R.C. Simmons, 1976: Effect of formulation, volume rate and application method on performance and rainfastness of glyphosate on Agropyron repens. In: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Council–Weeds, 407–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Combellack, H., P. Graeme, J. Illingworth, 2001: Effect of simulated rainfall and selected adjuvants on the herbicidal performance of glyphosate. In: DE RUITER (ed.): Sixth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, ISAA 2001, The Netherlands, 525–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ditzer, S., 2002: Grundlegende Faktoren der Regenfestigkeit, untersucht am Beispiel ausgewählter Kontaktfungizide bei ‘Golden Delicious’. Aachen: Shaker Verlag (Bericht aus der Agrarwissenschaft).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doub, J.P., H.P. Witson, K.K. Hatzios, 1988: Comparative efficacy of two formulations of alachlor and metachlor. Weed Sci. 36, 221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, R.J., N.G. Bishop, 1988: Promotion of stomatal infiltration of glyphosate by an organosilicone surfactant reduces the critical rainfall period. Pest. Sci. 24, 55–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M.G., 2001: Factors that influence adjuvant performance. In: H. DE RUITER (ed.): Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, ISAA 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 179–190.

  • Haefs, R., 2001: Rapeseed oil ethoxylate surfactants and their effects on retention, penetration, rainfastness and biological efficacy of selected agrochemicals. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, F.D., R.H. Falk, 1990: Herbicide deposition on leaf surfaces. Weed Sci. 38, 280–288.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hock, B., C. Fedtke, R.R. Schmidt, 1995: Herbizide. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hock, W.K., 2004: Pesticide safety fact sheet. The Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunsche, M., K. Bringe, M. Schmitz-Eiberger, G. Noga, 2006: Leaf surface characteristics of apple seedlings, bean seedlings, and kohlrabi plants and their impact on retention and rainfastness of mancozeb. Pest Manag. Sci. 62, 839–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsche, M., L. Damerow, M. Schmitz-Eiberger, G. Noga, 2007: Mancozeb wash-off from apple seedlings by simulated rainfall as affected by drying time of fungicide deposit and rain characteristics. Crop Prot. 26, 768–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, J.W., B.G.R. Webster, 1994: Effect of adjuvants on rainfastness and herbicidal activity of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen foliage. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. B. 29, 1169–1201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maschoff, J.R., S.E. Hart, J. Baldwin, 2000: Effect of ammonium sulfate on the efficacy, absorption, and translocation of glufosinate. Weed Sci. 48, 2–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalewaja, J.D., B. Devilliers, R. Matysiak, 1996: Surfactant and salt affect glyphosate retention and absorption. Weed Res. 36, 241–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, K.N., M.A. Locke, 1996: Imazaquin spray retention, foliar washoff and runoff losses under simulated rainfall. Pest. Sci. 48, 179–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouanet, A.-C., J.-C. Zobel, R. Zerrouk, J. Boumendil, B. Burdin, 2001: Physical characteristics of formulation drop deposit: use of environmental scanning electron microscopy. In: H. DE RUITER (ed.): Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, ISAA 2001, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 41–48.

  • Scherhag, H., 2005: Rapeseed oil ethoxylate surfactants and their effects on spray application parameters and their impact on performance of selected agrochemicals. Berlin: Logos Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schönherr, J., 2001: Cuticular penetration of calcium salts: effects of humidity, anions and adjuvants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 164, 225–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schönherr, J., 2002: A mechanistic analysis of penetration of glyphosate salts across astomatous cuticular membranes. Pest Manag. Sci. 58, 343–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, R.C., 1980: Properties of natural rainfall and their simulation in the laboratory for pesticide research. Technical Report Nr. 60, Agricultural Research Council Weed Research Organization, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, M., D. Singh, 1995: Rainfastness of glyphosate by adjuvants. In: GASKIN, R.E. (ed.): Proceedings Fourth International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals, Melbourne, Australia, (FRI Bulletin No. 193), 385–390.

  • Skuterud, R., J.C. Caseley, 1980: Effects of simulated rain on bentazone activity against meadow fescue, timothy and white mustard. In: Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Council–Weeds, 573–579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steurbaut, W., 1993: Adjuvants for use with foliar fungicides. Pest. Sci. 38, 85–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, P.J.G., J.A. Zabkiewicz, J.H. Barran, K.R. Klitscher, F. Ede, 1992: Spray formulation with Silwet organosilicone surfactants. In: FOY, C.L. (ed.): Adjuvants for Agrochemicals CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 399–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szkolnik, M., 1978: Techniques involves in greenhouse evaluation of deciduous tree fruit fungicides. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 16, 103–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W.M., S.J. Nissen, R.A. Master, 1996: Adjuvant effects on imazethapyr, 2,4-D and picloram absorption by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Sci. 44, 469–475.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tropea, C., M. Marengao, 1998: The impact of drops on walls and films. In: Proceedings Third International Conference on Multiphase Flow, ICMF 98, Lyon, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, B.G., S.E. Hart, 1998: Optimizing foliar activity of isoxaflutole on giant foxtail. Weed Sci. 46, 397–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Hunsche.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hunsche, M., Scherhag, H., Schmitz-Eiberger, M. et al. Influence of rain intensity and rapeseed oil ethoxylate adjuvants on biological efficacy of glyphosate. J Plant Dis Prot 114, 176–182 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356214

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356214

Key words

Stichwörter

Navigation