Abstract
The method of heat generation, heat transfer characteristics, and ingot structure are very different in the VAR and ESR processes, which result in different tendencies and mechanisms for macrosegregation formation in forged IN-718. Freckles are niobium rich and can be generated in both ESR and VAR, with higher incidence in ESR than VAR. White spots are niobium lean and can only be found in VAR-processed materials. Freckles are indige-nous in nature, and result from the flow of solute-rich interdendritic liquid in the mushy zone during solidification. The most plausible cause for white spots is exogenous material, which remains unmelted, falling into the molten pool. The best way to minimize the formation of freckles is to improve the ingot heat transfer rate, a more difficult task in ESR than in VAR.
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References
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Additional information
K.O. Yu received his Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Kentucky in 1978. He is currently a Senior Process Modeling Engineer at Special Metals Corporation, New Hartford, New York. Dr. Yu is also a member of TMS.
John A. Domingue received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Syracuse University in 1977. He is currently Senior Engineer, Process Metallurgy, Special Metals Corp., New Hartford, New York.
G.E. Maurer received his Ph.D. in materials engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He is currently the Director of Re-search and Development at Special Metals Corporation, New Hartford, New York.
H.D. Flanders, Jr. graduated from the Academy of Aeronautics in 1954. He has been active in primary and secondary melting at Special Metals Corporation for the last 30 years.
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Yu, K.O., Domingue, J.A., Maurer, G.E. et al. Macrosegregation in ESR and VAR Processes. JOM 38, 46–50 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03257955
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03257955