Abstract
The Ocean Colour and Temperature Scanner on board of the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite has been designed to provide frequent global measurements of marine chlorophyll levels and ocean temperature and created a means for visualizing the biological activity in the upper ocean. Over the time of its operation, the sensor captured the coverage of global oceans suitable for studies of the marine primary production and monitoring of fishery sites and environmental changes. Current radiative transfer techniques modelling marine chlorophyll levels based on optical reflectances captured by satellite sensors have to account for atmospheric path radiances superimposed onto the waterleaving radiance and a diversity of water suspended particles. Detailed modelling of geophysical processes and empirically constrained algorithms sometimes produce misclassifications. This paper presents chlorophyll concentration for several sites around the Pacific Ocean. Where the skill of the conventional chlorophyll algorithm is uncertain, the results given by an unsupervised neural network classification scheme are also provided. The hierarchical neural network introduced in the text extracts water pixels from images and reclassifies them to separate case 1 and case 2 waters and water radiances with the significant influence of the atmospheric attenuation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiken, J. and Moore, G., Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document 2.6, Case 2 (S) Bright Pixel Atmospheric Correction, (1997), ESA, MERIS ESL.
Ainsworth, E.J. and Jones, I.S.F., Radiance Spectra Classification from the Ocean Colour and Temperature Scanner on ADEOS, to appear in IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, May (1999).
Antoine, D. and Morel, A., Atmospheric Correction Over the Ocean (Case 1 Waters), (1997), ESA, MERIS.
Clarke, G.L., Ewing, G.C., and Lorenzen, C.J., Spectra of Backscattered Light from the Sea Obtained from Aircraft as a Measure of Chlorophyll Concentration, Science, 167 (1970), pp. 1119–1121.
Elachi, C., Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, (1987), John Wiley & Sons.
Fukushima, H., Higurashi, A., Mitomi, Y., Nakajima, T., Noguchi, T., Tanaka, T., and Toratani, M., Correction of Atmospheric Effect on ADEOS/OCTS Ocean Color Data: Algorithm Description and Evaluation of Its Performance, Journal of Oceanography, vol. 54 (1998), pp. 417–430.
Hendry, G.A.F., Houghton, J.D., and Brown, S.B.B., The degradation of chlorophyll-a biological enigma, New Phytol., vol. 107 (1987).
Iivarinen, J., Valkealahti, K., Visa, A., and Simula, O., Development of a Cloud Classifier, Research Report A25 from Helsinki University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland (1995).
Jeffrey, S.W., Mantoura, R.F.C., and Wright., S.W, Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography, (1997), UNESCO Publishing, Paris.
Jones, I.S.F. and Ainsworth, E.J., Phytoplankton Distributions at Sites in the Pacific Ocean, EORC Bulletin, Tokyo (1998).
Kawamura, H., and the EORC team, OCTS Mission Overview, Journal of Oceanography, vol. 54 (1998).
Kishino, M., Ishimaru, T., Furuya, K., Oishi, T., and Kawasaki, K., In-Water Algorithm for ADEOS/OCTS, Journal of Oceanography, vol. 54 (1998).
Kohonen, T., Self-Organization and Associative Memory, (1989) Springer-Verlag.
Lueck, R.G. and Mudge, T.D., Topographically Induced Mixing Around a Shallow Seamount, SCIENCE, vol. 276, 20 June (1997), pp. 1831-1833.
NASDA, ADEOS, OCTS Data Processing Algorithm Description, ver. 2, April (1997).
Oaku, H., Shimada, M., Mitomi, Y., Miyachi, Y., and Green, R., Calibration of OCTS”, GEOCARTO International, vol. 12, no. 4 (1997).
Sakaida, F., Moriyama, M., Murakami, H., Oaku, H., Mitomi, Y., Mukaida, A., and Kawamura, H., The Sea Surface Temperature Product Algorithm of the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) and Its Accuracy, Journal of Oceanography, vol. 54 (1998), pp. 437–442.
Santamaria-del-Angel, E., Alvarez-Borrego, S., and Muller-Karger, F.E., The 1982–1984 El Niño in the Gulf of California as Seen in CZCS Imagery, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99 (1994), p. 7423–7432.
Smith R.C. and Baker, K.S,, Optical Classification of Natural Waters, Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 23(2) (1978).
Thomas, A.C., Huang, F., Strub, P.T., and James, C., Comparison of the seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton pigment concentration and upwelling along the Pacific equator, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99 (1994), pp. 7355.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Ewa J. Ainsworth: She has an engineering degree and MSc in Applied Mathematics from Warsaw University of Technology and MPhil and PhD degrees in Computing from the University of Bradford, Great Britain. Currently, she is a research fellow at the Earth Observation Research Center of National Space Development Agency of Japan in Tokyo. She is primarily engaged in a design of Artificial Intelligence applications to knowledge extraction from remotely sensed imagery. Her main interests lie in subjects of pattern recognition, signal processing, knowledge representation, machine learning, and mathematical and numerical methods leading to the automation of image understanding.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ainsworth, E.J. Visualization of Ocean Colour and Temperature from multi-spectral imagery captured by the Japanese ADEOS satellite. J Vis 2, 195–204 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03181523
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03181523