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Colitis ulcerosa: Operationsindikationen und-verfahren

Ulcerative colitis: Indications and procedures. Limited resection versus colectomy

Limitierte Resektion versus Kolektomie

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Coloproctology Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Koloproktomukosektomie mit ileoanaler Pouchanlage gilt als der gegenwärtige „Goldstandard” für die chirurgische Therapie der Colitis ulcerosa. Eine limitierte Resektion gilt als obsolet. Als limitierte Resektion ist bei der chirurgischen Therapie der Colitis ulcerosa lediglich die subtotale Kolektomie vertretbar. Eine limitierte Resektion im Sinne einer linksseitigen Hemikolektomie ist auch bei einer geringgradigen distalen Kolitis wegen der Kolitisexazerbationsgefahr und dem persistierenden Karzinomrisiko obsolet. Die subtotale Kolektomie mit Ileorektostomie stellt ein funktionell zufriedenstellendes Verfahren mit nur geringer Komplikationsrate dar. Wegen des fortdauernden Proktitis- und Rektumkarzinomrisikos (in den angeführten Studien 2,5%) ist diese Operation jedoch nur einer Ausnahmeindikation vorbehalten. Wegen der Impotenzgefahr der ileoanalen Pouchoperation (1,8% Impotenz, 5,8% retrograde Ejakulation) kann die ileorektale Anastomose jungen Männern als Alternative angeboten werden. Die subtotale Kolektomie mit Ileostoma und Sigmaschleimfistel ist fester Bestandteil der dreizeitigen ileoanalen Pouchanlage bei Notfällen, schlechtem Allgemeinzustand und hoher präoperativer Kortisonmedikation. Wegen der fehlenden Gefahr einer Rektumstumpfinsuffizienz (0% bei Sigmaschleimfistel versus 35% bei Rektumblindverschluß) und besseren topischen Behandelbarkeit des verbleibenden Rektums ist die subtotale Kolektomie mit Ileostoma und Sigmaschleimfistel dem Rektumblindverschluß vorzuziehen.

Summary

The procedure of choice for the treatment of ulcerative colitis is coloproctomucosectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Limited resections are considered to be obsolete. Only subtotal colectomy is a possible variation of the therapy of surgical procedures. Left sided colectomies or sigmoid resections for cancer should not be allowed, since there is still a remaining risk of exacerbation of the inflammation respectively a risk of carcinoma. Subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is a reliable procedure with a good functional result and a low complication rate. But since there always remains the risk of proctitis and of rectal carcinoma (2.5% in the reviewed literature) also this procedure should only be performed in special cases. Because of the sexual disturbances after ileoanal anastomosis (1.8% impotence, 5.8% retrograde ejaculation) in men ileorectal anastomosis can be an alternative for this subgroup. Subtotal colectomy with ileostomy and sigmoid mucus fistula is the procedure of choice for the treatment in emergencies. Apart of the emergency indication it should be performed if there is a very bad general condition of the patient or a high dosage of corticoids or immunosuppressant drugs. Subtotal colectomy with mucus fistula should be performed in preference to a simple closure of the rectal stump, since the rectal stump closure has an insufficiency rate of 35%.

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Kroesen, A.J., Buhr, H.J. Colitis ulcerosa: Operationsindikationen und-verfahren. Coloproctology 19, 221–227 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03043454

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