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Insektizid-Auswirkungen auf Fließgewässer-Lebensgemeinschaften

Effects of insecticides on macroinvertebrate communities in flowing waters

  • Beitragsserie: Vom Labor ins Freiland
  • Die Situation im Freiland als Ausgangspunkt der Bewertung von PSM
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Zusammenfassung

Bei praxisüblicher Anwendung können Insektizidwirkstoffe in erheblichem Maße in landwirtschaftliche Fließgewässer eingetragen werden. Als Folge treten starke Schädigungen der Fließgewässer-Gemeinschaften auf (z.B. Artenzahlreduktionen von 11 auf 3 Arten).

Mit zunehmender Entfernung von den Haupteintragsorten nimmt die biologische Reaktion im Freiland und inin-situ-Experimenten mitL. lunatus undG. pulex deutlich ab, liegt aber selbst nach 2 km Fließstrecke noch signifikant über der Reaktion an einer unbelasteten Kontrollstelle.

Bei der Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen ausin-situ-Experimenten müssen die artspezifischen Reaktionsmuster der Testtiere, wie z.B. eine Vermeidungdrift vonG. pulex im Freiland, berücksichtigt werden, da sonst falsche Toxizitätsbeurteilungen resultieren können.

Abstract

Event-triggered sampling from a stream in agricultural terrain has revealed a level of contamination considerably higher than that which has generally been assumed, although only moderate amounts of insecticides had been washed away from the cultivated fields. Macroinvertebrate sampling carried out in parallel with the contamination measurements documented severe negative effects of the insecticide inputs on the aquatic community; 8 of the 11 species disappeared from the water for a period of 3 to 6 months.

In field investigations, as well as inin situ bioassays,L. lunatus andG. pulex exhibited acute responses (drifting, mortality during drifting) which were seen to be significantly higher than those values noted at an uncontaminated control site as far as even 2000 m from the input site.

In these bioassays, where the animals are confined in cages, the insecticide toxicity inG. pulex may be overestimated compared to the field data since the drifting behavior of this species normally helps it to avoid contamination.

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Correspondence to Ralf Schulz.

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Schulz, R. Insektizid-Auswirkungen auf Fließgewässer-Lebensgemeinschaften. UWSF - Z Umweltchem Ökotox 10, 123–127 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03037670

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