Skip to main content
Log in

The pathobiology of lost human potential: Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder

  • Published:
Irish Journal of Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Holmquist, K. Schizophrenia: the suffering and the stigma. The Irish Times 1988, Oct. 8: Suppl. 1–2.

  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd rev. ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  3. National Advisory Mental Health Council. Schizophrenia: the disorder and its scope. In: National Advisory Mental Health Council. A national plan for schizophrenia research. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989: 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bradbury, T. N., Miller, G. A. Season of birth of schizophrenia: a review of evidence, methodology and etiology. Psychol. Bull. 1985: 98. 569–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. O’Callaghan, E., Gibson, T., Colohan, H. A., Walshe, D., Buckley, P., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L. Season of birth in schizophrenia: evidence for confinement of an excess of winter births to patients without a family history of mental disorder. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1991: 158, 764–769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lewis, S. W., Murray, R. M. Obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental deviance and risk of schizophrenia. J. Psychiat. Res. 1987: 21, 413–421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McNeil, T. F. Obstetric complications in schizophrenic parents. Schiz. Res. 1991: 5, 89–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mednick, S. A., Machon, R. A., Huttenen, M. O., Bonet, D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen. Psychiat. 1988: 45, 189–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. O’Callaghan, E., Sham, P., Takei, N., Glover, G., Murray, R. M. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet 1991: 337, 1248–1250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Murray, R. M., Lewis, S. W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? Brit. Med. J. 1987: 295, 681–682.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Weinberger, D. R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen. Psychiat. 1987: 44, 660–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Waddington, J. L. The ageing brain, neuroleptic drugs and the enigma of schizophrenia. Irish J. Med. Sci. 1988: 157, 135–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lyons, M., Barr, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Mednick, S. A., Shore, D. Fetal neural development and schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull. 1989: 15, 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Waddington, J. L. Sight and insight: regional cerebral metabolic activity in schizophrenia visualised by positron emission tomography, and competing neurodevelopmental perspectives. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1990: 156, 615–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Waddington, J. L., Torrey, E. F. Schizophrenia, neurodevelopment and disease. Arch Gen. Psychiat. 1991: 48, 271–273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Walker, E., Lewine, R. J. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1990: 147, 1052–1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Fish, B. Infant predictors of the longitudinal course of schizophrenic development. Schiz. Bull. 1987: 13, 395–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Crow, T. J. Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull. 1990: 16, 433–443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Torrey, E. F. A viral-anatomical explanation of schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull. 1991: 17, 15–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Torrey, E. F., McGuire, M., O’Hare, A., Walsh, D., Spellman, M. P. Endemic psychosis in western Ireland. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1984: 141, 966–970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J. E., Day, R. Early manifestations and first contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychol. Med. 1986: 16, 909–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. NiNuallain, M., O’Hare, A., Walsh, D. Incidence of schizophrenia in Ireland. Psychol. Med. 1987: 17, 943–948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Youssef, H. A., Kinsella, A., Waddington, J. L. Evidence for geographical variations in the prevalence of schizophrenia in rural Ireland. Arch Gen. Psychiat. 1991: 48, 254–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Waddington, J. L., Youssef, H. A. Geographical variations in the prevalence of schizophrenia in rural Ireland? Arch Gen. Psychiat. (in press).

  25. NiNuallain, M., O’Hare, A., Walsh, D. The prevalence of schizophrenia in three counties in Ireland. Acta Psychiat. Scand. 1990: 82, 136–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Torrey, E. F. Geographical distribution of insanity in America: evidence for an urban factor. Schiz. Bull. 1990: 16, 591–604.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Torrey, E. F. Schizophrenia: fixed incidence or fixed thinking? Psychol. Med. 1989: 19, 285–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Smith, D. W. Recognizable patterns of human malformation. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Green, M. F., Satz, P., Gaier, D. J., Ganzeil, S., Kharabi, F. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull. 1989: 15, 91–99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. O’Callaghan, E., Larkin, C., Kinsella, A., Waddington, J. L. Familial, obstetric and other clinical correlates of minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1991: 148, 479–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kendler, K. S. The genetics of schizophrenia: an overview. In: Tsuang, M. T., Simpson, J. C. editors. Handbook of schizophrenia. Vol. 3. New York: Elsevier, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  32. O’Callaghan, E., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L. Obstetric complications in schizophrenia and the validity of maternal recall. Psychol. Med. 1990: 20, 89–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Omoy, A., Benady, S., Kohen-Raz, R. Association between maternal bleeding during gestation and congenital anomalies in the offspring. Amer. J. Obstet Gynecol. 1976: 124, 474–478.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Williams, M. A., Mittendorf, R., Lieberman, E., Monson, R. R. Adverse infant outcomes associated with first-trimester vaginal bleeding. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991: 78, 14–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Husband, J., Kreel, L. Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Lancet 1976: ii, 924–926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lewis, S. W. Computerised tomography in schizophrenia 15 yean on. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1990: 157 (Suppl. 9), 16–24.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Waddington, J. L., O’Callaghan, E., Larkin, C., Redmond, O., Stack, J. Ennis, J. T. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in schizophrenia. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1990: 157 (Suppl. 9), 56–65.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Suddath, R. L., Christison, G. W., Torrey, E. F., Casanova, M. F., Weinberger, D. R. Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990: 322, 789–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Roberts, G. W. Schizophrenia: a neuropathological perspective. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1991: 158, 8–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sponheim, S. R., Iacono, W. G., Beiser, M. Stability of ventricular size after the onset of psychosis in schizophrenia. Psychiat. Res: Neuroimaging 1991: 40, 21–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bogerts, B., Ashtari, M., Degreef, G., Alvir, J. M., Bilder, R. M., Lieberman, J. A. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance imaging in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiat. Res: Neuroimaging 1990: 35, 1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. DeLisi, L. E., Hoff, A. L., Schwartz, J. E., Shields, G. W., Halthore, S. N., Gupta, S. M., Herrn, F. A., Anand, A. K. Brain morphology in firstepisode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiat 1991: 29, 159–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Waddington, J. L., O’Callaghan, E., Buckley, P., Larkin, C., Redmond, O., Suck, J., Ennis, J. T. The age-dependencies of MRI abnormalities in schizophrenia suggest early ventricular enlargement but later prominence of cortical atrophy. Schiz. Res. 1991: 5, 188–189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. O’Callaghan, E., Buckley, P., Redmond, O., Stack, J., Ennis, J. T., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L. Abnormalities of cerebral structure in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging: interpretation in relation to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis. J. Roy. Soc. Med. (in press).

  45. Flaum, M., Arndt, S., Andreasen, N. C. The role of gender in studies of ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a predominantly male effect. Amer. J. Psychiatry 1990: 147, 1327–1332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldstein, J.M., Tsuang, M.T. Gender and schizophrenia. Schiz. Bull. 1990: 16, 179–183.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Schaefer, G. B., Schuman, R. M., Wilson, D. A., Saleeb, S., Domek, D. B., Johnson, S. F., Bodensteiner, J. B. Partial agenesis of the anterior corpus callosum: correlation between appearance, imaging and neuropathology. Pediat. Neurol. 1991: 7, 39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bordarier, C., Robain, O., Ponsot, G. Bilateral porencephalic defect in a newborn after injection of benzol during pregnancy. Brain Develop. 1991: 13, 126–129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sato, Y., Kao, S. C. S., Smith, W. L. Radiographic manifestations of anomalies of the brain. Radiol. Clin. N. Amer. 1991: 29, 179–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cannon, T. D., Mednick, S. A., Pamas, J. Genetic and perinatal determinants of structural brain deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen. Psychiat. 1988: 46, 883–889.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Waddington, J.L., O’Callaghan, E., Larkin, C. Premorbidneuropathology in schizophrenia, Lancet 1988: ii, 959–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Mann, D. M. A., Royston, M. C., Ravindra, C. R. Some morphometric observations on the brains of patients with Down’s syndrome; their relationship to age and dementia. J. Neurol. Sci. 1990: 98, 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Kendell, R. E., Adams, W., Unexplained fluctuations in the risk for schizophrenia by month and year of birth. Brit. J. Psychiat 1991: 158, 758–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. O’Callaghan, E., Redmond, O., Ennis, R., Suck, J., Kinsella, A., Ennis, J. T., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L. Initial investigation of the left temporoparietal region in schizophrenia by31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol. Psychiat. 1991: 29, 1149–1152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Laxer, K. D., Hubesch, B., Sappey-Marinier, D., Weiner, M. W. Increased pH and inorganic phosphate in temporal seizure foci, demonstrated by 31P MRS. Epilepsia (in press).

  56. Benes, M. Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schiz. Bull. 1989: 15, 585–593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hoffman, R. E., Dobscha, S. K. Cortical pruning and the development of schizophrenia: a computer model. Schiz. Bull. 1989: 15, 477–490.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Roberts, G. W., Done, D. J., Bruton, C., Crow, T. J. A “mock up” of schizophrenia: temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia-like psychosis. Biol. Psychiat 1990: 28, 127–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

The 1991 Graves Lecture, delivered in the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, September 1991.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Waddington, J.L. The pathobiology of lost human potential: Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. I.J.M.S. 160, 402–406 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02957800

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02957800

Keywords

Navigation