Literature Cited
Alekseev, A. M. Influence of water content of leaves upon photosynthesis. Bot. Zhur. SSSR20: 227–241. 1935.
Alexandrov, W. andAlexandrova, O. Über das mobile Bleichgewicht in der Blattstruktur. Beih. Bot. Cent. 1 Abt.44: 267–292. 1927.
Alexandrov, W. G. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Zuckerrübenwurzel. Planta7: 124–132. 1929.
Artschwager, E. Morphology of the vegetative organs of sugar cane. Jour. Agr. Res.60: 503–550. 1940.
Ashby, E. Transpiratory organs ofLarrea tridentata and their ecological significance. Ecology13: 182–188. 1932.
Avery, G. S., Jr. Structural responses to the practice of topping tobacco plants: A study of cell size, cell number, leaf size, and veinage of leaves at different levels on the stalk. Bot. Gaz.96: 314–329. 1934.
Bailey, I. W. andSinnott, E. W. The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves. Am. Jour. Bot.3: 24–39. 1916.
Baumert, K. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Lichtschuzeinrichtungen an grünen Blättern. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen9: 83–162. 1907.
Bentley, J. andWolf, F. A. Glandular leaf hairs of oriental tobacco. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club72: 345–360. 1945.
Bergen, Y. Transpiration of sun leaves and shade leaves ofOlea europaea and other broad-leaved evergreens. Bot. Gaz.38: 285–296. 1904.
Biale, J. B. Periodicity in transpiration of lemon cuttings under constant environmental conditions. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.38: 70–74. 1941.
Bindloss, E. A. A developmental analysis of cell length as related to stem size. Am. Jour. Bot.29: 179–188. 1942.
Blackman, H. V. The compound interest law and plant growth. Ann. Bot.33: 353–360. 1919.
Boon-Long, T. S. Transpiration as influenced by osmotic concentration and cell permeability. Am. Jour. Bot.28: 333–343. 1941.
Brenner, M. In Burgerstein, Die Transpiration der Pflanzen, 1904, p. 210.
Brewig, A. Ein Beitrag zur Analyse des Transpirations-widerstandes. Planta20: 734–791. 1933.
Brierley, W. G. Absorption of water by the foliage of some common fruit species. Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci.32: 277–283. 1935.
Briggs, L. J. andShantz, H. L. The relative wilting coefficients for different plants. Bot. Gaz.53: 229–235. 1912.
——. The water requirement of plants. II. A review of the literature. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind., Bull.285: 1–96. 1913.
——. Relative water requirement of plants. Jour. Agr. Res.3: 1–63. 1914.
Briggs, L. J. Hourly transpiration rate on clear days as determined by cyclic environmental factors. Jour. Agr. Res.5: 583–650. 1916.
Bright, D. N. E. The effects of exposure upon the structure of certain heath plants. Jour. Ecol.16: 323–365. 1928.
Brown, H. T. andEscombe, F. Static diffusion of gases and liquids in relation to the assimilation of carbon and translocation in plants. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (London), B,193: 223–291. 1900.
Broyer, T. C. andHoagland, D. R. Metabolic activities of roots and their bearing on the relation of upward movement of salts and water in plants. Am. Jour. Bot.30: 261–273. 1943.
Cain, S. A. andPotzger, J. E. A comparison of leaf tissues ofGaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch andVaccinium vacillons Kalm. grown under different conditions. Am. Mid. Nat.14: 97–112. 1933.
Carroll, J. C. andWelton, F. A. Daily periodicity of stomata in certain species of turf grasses. Bot. Gaz.99: 420–423. 1937.
Chancerl, L. Le rôle du calcium dans la végétation forestière. Rev. Gen. Bot.25: 83–89. 1914.
Clements, E. S. The relation of leaf structure to physical factors. Trans. Am. Micr. Soc.26: 19–102. 1905.
Clements, F. E. andMartin, E. V. Effect of soil temperature on transpiration inHelianthus annuus. Plant Physiol.9: 619–630. 1934.
Clum, H. H. The effect of transpiration and environmental factors on leaf temperatures. I. Transpiration. Am. Jour. Bot.13: 194–216. 1926a.
—. The effect of transpiration and environmental factors on leaf temperatures. II. Light intensity and the relation of transpiration on the thermal death point. Am. Tour. Bot.13: 217–230. 1926.
Combes, R. Détermination des intensités lumineuses optima. Ann. Sci. Nat. IX. Bot.11: 75. 1910.
Conti, A. Forma e sviluppo del palizzata in rapporto alla funzione: ricerche anatomiche. Ateneo Parmense6: 561–574. 1934.
Coulter, J. M.,et al. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities. Vol. 3, Ecology. 471 pp. 1931.
Coville, F. V. Botany of the Death Valley expedition. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.4: 53. 1893.
Cowart, F. F. Apple leaf structure as related to position of the leaf upon the shoot and to type of growth. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.33: 145–148. 1936.
Curtis, O. F. Leaf temperatures and the cooling of leaves by radiation. Plant Physiol.11: 343–364. 1936.
D’Almeida, J. F. R. andDesai, J. L. A contribution to the study of the ecological foliar anatomy of Indian plants. Jour. Univ. Bombay16: 1–58. 1942.
Darwin, F. The effect of light on the transpiration of leaves. Proc. Royal Soc. London, B,87: 281–299. 1914.
Dastur, R. H. The relation between water content and photosynthesis. Ann. Bot.39: 769–786. 1925.
— andBuhariwalla, N. A. Chlorophyll from tropical plants and its quantitative determination by means of the spectrograph. Ann. Bot.42: 949–964. 1928.
Davidson, O. W. andShive, J. W. The influence of the hydrogenion concentration of the culture solution upon the absorption and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen by peach trees grown in sand cultures. Soil Sci.37: 357–385. 1934.
——. Determination of the nitrogenous fractions in vegetative tissue of the peach. Plant Physiol.10: 73–92. 1935.
Delf, E. Transpiration in succulent plants. Ann. Bot.26: 409–441. 1912.
Delisle, A. L. Morphogenetic studies in the development of successive leaves inAster, with respect to relative growth, cellular differentiation and auxin relationships. Am. Jour. Bot.25: 420–430. 1938.
Desai, M. C. Effect of certain nutrient deficiencies on stomatal behavior. Plant Physiol.12: 253–283. 1937.
Dittmer, H. J. A comparative study of the number and length of roots produced in nineteen angiosperm species. Bot. Gaz.109: 354–357. 1948.
Doyle, J. andClinch, P. The dehydration rates of conifer leaves in relation to pentosan content. Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc.18: 265–275. 1926.
Elliot, J. H. Growth and differentiation in the vascular system during leaf development in the dicotyledon. Proc. Leeds Phil. & Lit. Soc.2: 440–450. 1933.
Emerson, F. W. Basic botany. 373 pp. 1947.
Evans, M. The physiology of succulent plants. Biol.Rev. & Biol. Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc.7: 181–211. 1932.
Ewart, A. J. The influence of correlation uponthe size of leaves. Ann. Bot.20: 79–82. 1906.
Farr, C. H. Studies on the growth of root hairs in solutions. Am. Jour. Bot.14: 446–456, 497–515, 553–564. 1927.
Fitting, H. Die Wasserversorgung und die osmotischen Druckverhältnisse der Wüstenpflanzen. Zeits. Bot.3: 209–275. 1911.
Folsom, D. The influence of certain environmental conditions, especially water supply, upon form and structure inRanunculus. Physiol. Res.2: 209–272. 1918.
Frank, B. Ueber die Veränderung der Lage der Chlorophyllkörner und des Protoplasmas in der Zelle, und deren innere und äussere Ursachen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.8: 216–303. 1872. [Quoted by Haberlandt, 1928.]
Freeland, R. O. Effect of transpiration upon the absorption and distribution of mineral salts in plants. Am. Jour. Bot.23: 353–362. 1936.
Fuller, G. D. andBakke, A. L. Raunkiaer’s “life forms”, “Leafsize classes”, and statistical methods. Plant World21: 25–37. 1918.
Gail, F. W. Osmotic pressure of cell sap and its possible relation to winter killing and leaf fall. Bot. Gaz.81: 434–445. 1926.
Gates, F. C. Winter as a factor in the xerophily of certain evergreen ericads. Bot. Gaz.57: 445–489. 1914.
—. Relation between evaporation and plant succession. Am. Jour. Bot.4: 161–178. 1917.
—. Evaporation in vegetation at different heights. Am. Jour. Bot.13: 167–178. 1926.
Geneau de Lamarlière. Recherches physiologiques sur les feuilles développées à l’ombre et au soleil. Rev. Gén. Bot.4: 481–496, 529–544. 1892.
Gier, L. J. andBurress, R. M. Anatomy ofTaraxacum officinale “Weber”. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci.45: 94–97. 1942.
Goebel. Organographie. I. 1898.
Goebeler, E. Die Schutzvorrichtungen am Stammscheitel der Farne. Flora69: 487. 1886.
Graner, E. A. Genetics ofManihot. I. Inheritance of leaf form and color of the outer root skin inManihot utilissima Pohl. Bragantia2: 13–22. 1942.
Gray, J. andPeirce, G. J. The influence of light upon the action of stomata and its relation to the transpiration of certain grains. Am. Jour. Bot.6: 131–155. 1919.
Greathouse, G. A. Conductivity measurements of plant sap. Plant Physiol.13: 553–569. 1938.
Griffin, A. Some notes on anthocyanin formation in leaves with cut veins. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud.3: 139–140. 1935.
Groom, P. Remarks on the ecology of Coniferae. Ann. Bot.24: 241–269. 1910.
Grossenbacher, K. A. Autonomic cycle of rate of exudation of plants. Am. Jour. Bot.26: 107–109. 1939.
Guthrie, J. D. Effect of environmental conditions on the chloroplast pigments. Am. Jour. Bot.16: 716–746. 1929.
Haberlandt, G. Physiological plant anatomy. 4th ed.777 pp. 1928.
Halma, F. F. Quantitative differences in palisade tissue of citrus leaves. Bot. Gaz.87: 319–324. 1929.
Hamner, K. C. Effects of nitrogen supply on rates of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. Bot. Gaz.97: 744–764. 1936.
Hanson, H. C. Leaf structure as related to environment. Am. Tour. Bot.4: 533–560. 1917.
Hansteen-Cranner, B. Über das Verhalten der Kulturpflanzen zu den Bodensalzen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.53: 536–599. 1914.
Hare, C. L. The arborescentSenecios of Kilimanjaro: A study in ecological anatomy. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh60: 335–371. 1941.
Hasselbring, H. The effect of shading on the transpiration and assimilation of the tobacco plant in Cuba. Bot. Gaz.57: 257–286. 1914.
Hellriegel, F. Beitrage zu den Naturwiss. Grundlagen des Ackerbaus. 1883.
Hercik, F. O Závislosti mezi povrochovým napctím stavy a plochou listu. Biol. Listy13: 390–399. 1927.
Herrick, E. M. Seasonal and diurnal variations in the osmotic values and suction tension values in the aerial portions ofAmbrosia trifida L. Am. Jour. Bot.20: 18–34. 1933.
Hewitt, S. P. andCurtis, O. F. The effect of temperature on loss of dry matter and carbohydrate from leaves by respiration and translocation. Am. Jour. Bot.35: 746–755. 1948.
Hill, T. G. Observations on the osmotic properties of certain salt marsh plants. New Phyt.7: 133–142. 1908.
Hiramatu, K. The relation of CO2 assimilation activity to the age of evergreen leaves. Ecol. Rev.5: 25–32. 1939.
Hoagland, D. R. andBroyer, T. C. General nature of the process of salt accumulation by roots with description of experimental methods. Plant Physiol.11: 471–507. 1936.
Hohn, Karl. Die Bcdeutung der Wurzelhaare für die Wasseraufnahme der Pflanzen. Zeit. Bot.27: 529–564. 1934.
Holttum, R. E. On periodic leaf-change and flowering of trees in Singapore. Gardens’ Bull. Straits Settlements5: 173–206. 1931.
Hormann, E. Der Ausdruck optimalen Lichtgenusses im Blattbau der Pflanze. Bot. Archiv18: 288–296. 1927.
Iljin, V. S. Die Regulierung der Spaltöffnungen im Zusammenhang mit der Veränderung des osmotischen Druckes. Beih. Bot. Cent., Abt. 1,32: 15–35. 1914.
—. Relation of transpiration to assimilation in steppe plants. Jour. Ecol.4: 65–82. 1916.
—. Wirkung der Kationen von Salzen auf den Zerfall und die Bildung von Stärke in der Pflanze. Biochem. Zeits.132: 492–510. 1922.
—,et al. Osmotic pressure in roots and in leaves in relation to habitat moisture. Jour. Ecol.4: 160–173. 1916.
Imamura, S. I. Über die Dorsiventralität der unifazialen Blätter vonIris japonica Thunb. und ihre Beeinflussbarkeit durch die Schwerkraft. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., B,6: 271–331. 1931.
Isanogle, I. T. Effects of controlled shading upon the development of leaf structure in two deciduous tree species. Ecology25: 404–413. 1944.
Iwanoff, L. Zur Methodik der Transpirationsbestimmung am Standort. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.46: 306–310. 1928.
James, W. O. Studies of the physiological importance of the mineral elements in plants. I. The relation of potassium to the properties and functions of the leaf. Ann. Bot.44: 173–198. 1930.
Jost, L. Lectures on plant physiology. English translation by Gibson. 564 pp. 1907.
Kerner, A. andOliver, F. W. The natural history of plants. Vol.1: 313.
Kisselew, N. M. Über die Transpiration welkender Sonnen- und Schattenblätter. Beih. Bot. Cent. 1 Abt.44: 181–217. 1927.
Kisser, J. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss der Nahrsalze auf die Wasserabgabe, Wasseraufnahme, relative Spross- und Wurzelmasse und die Blattstruktur. I. Teil. II. Teil: Veränderungen der Blattstruktur unter dem Einflüsse de Nährsalze. Planta3: 562–596. 1927.
Kochanovsky, L. Some investigations on the transpiration of plants under the conditions of a sub-alpine zone. Tour. Soc. Bot. Russ.9: 239–250. 1926.
Kokin, A. The influence of daylight and number of leaves on the sugar content of beet roots. Phys. Untersuch. Zuckerrube. Erste Artikelserie. Ukrainisches Inst. Agnew. Bot. Sect. Pflanzenphysiol. Charkiw.1: 122–140. 1930.
Korstian, C. F. Density of cell sap in relation to environmental conditions in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. Jour. Agr. Res.28: 845–907. 1924.
Kramer, P. J. The absorption of water by root systems of plants. Am. Jour. Bot.19: 148–164. 1932.
—. The intake of water through dead root systems and its relation to the problem of absorption by transpiring plants. Am. Jour. Bot.20: 481–493. 1933.
—. The relation between rate of transpiration and rate of absorption of water in plants. Am. Jour. Bot.24: 10–15. 1937.
—. Root resistance as a cause of the absorption lag. Am. Jour. Bot.25: 110–113. 1938.
Krause, H. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Wasseraufnahme durch oberirdische Pflanzenorgane. Ost. Bot. Zeits.84: 241–270. 1935.
Kraus, E. J. andKraybill, H. R. Vegetation and reproduction with special reference to the tomato. Or. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 149. 1918.
Kummler, A. Ueber die Funktion der Spaltöffnungen weissbunter Blätter. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.61: 610–670. 1922.
Kurz, H. Hydrogen ion concentration in relation to ecological factors. Bot. Gaz.76: 1–29. 1923.
Leclerc du Sablon, M. Sur les causes du dégagement et de la rétention du vapeur d’eau chez les plantes. Rev. Gén. Bot.25: 49–63, 104–122. 1913.
Livingston, B. E. Light intensity and transpiration. Bot. Gaz.52: 417–438. 1911a.
—. The relation of the osmotic pressure of the cell sap in plants to arid habitats. Plant World14: 153–164. 1916.
— andBrown, W. H. Relation of the daily march of transpiration to variations in water content of foliage leaves. Bot. Gaz.53: 309–330. 1912.
Lloyd, F. E. The physiology of stomata. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ.82: 1–142. 1908.
—. The relation of transpiration and stomatal movement to water content of the leaves inFouquieria splendens. Plant World15: 1–4. 1912.
Loehwing, W. F. Calcium, potassium and iron balance in certain crop plants in relation to their metabolism. Plant Physiol.3: 261–275. 1928.
Lothelier, A. Recherches sur les plantes à piquants. Revu Gen. Bot.5: 480–483. 1893.
Lubimenko, W. Production de la substance sèche et de la chlorophylle chez les végétaux supérieurs aux differentes intensites lumineuses. Ann. Sci. Nat. IX Bot.7: 321–415. 1908.
Lukaszewicz, J. Über das Vorkommen von Kalium in manchen pflanzlichen Gebilden. Bull. Acad. Polonaise Sci. Let., B,1926:559–577. 1926.
Lundegardh, H. Die Nahrstoffaufnahme der Pflanze. 1932.
MacDougal, D. T. The water balance of desert plants. Ann. Bot.26: 71–93. 1912.
—. The reactions of plants to new habitats. Ecology2: 1–20. 1921.
—et al. Echinocactus. Physiol. Res.1: 289–325. 1913.
— andSpoehr, H. A. The origination of xerophytism. Plant World21: 245–249. 1918.
—et al. Basis of succulence in plants. Bot. Gaz.67: 405–416. 1919.
McDougall, W. B. andPenfound, W. T. Anatomy of deciduous forest plants. Ecology9: 349–353. 1928.
Mallery, T. D. Changes in the osmotic value of the expressed sap of leaves and small twigs ofLarrea tridentata as influenced by environmental conditions. Ecol. Mon.5: 1–35. 1935.
Marsh, F. L. Water content and osmotic pressure of sun and shade leaves of certain woody prairie plants. Bot. Gaz.102: 812–814. 1941.
Marthaler, H. Die Stickstoffernährung der Hockmoorpflanzen. Augleich ein Beitrag zum Xerophytenproblem. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.88: 723–758. 1939.
Martin, E. V. Effect of solar radiation on transpiration ofHelianthus annuus. Plant Physiol.10: 341–354. 1935.
Mason, T. G. andMaskell, E. J. Further studies on transport in the cotton plant. II. An autogenetic study of concentrations and vertical gradients. Ann. Bot.48: 119–141. 1934.
Maximov, N. A. andKrasnosselsky-Maximov, T. A. Wilting of plants in its connection with drought resistance. Jour. Ecol.12: 95–110. 1924.
-Maximov, N. A.. The plant in relation to water. A study of the physiological basis of drought resistance. 451 pp. 1929. [English trans. by Yapp].
—. The physiological significance of the xeromorphic structure of plants. Jour. Ecol.19: 272–282. 1931.
Mendel, K. Orange leaf transpiration under orchard conditions. II. Soil moisture content decreasing. Palestine Jour. Bot., R,5: 59–85. 1945.
Mer, C. L. The factors determining the resistance to movement of water in the leaf. Ann. Bot.4: 397–401. 1940.
Meyer, B. S. The measurement of the rate of water vapor loss from leaves under standard conditions. Am. Jour. Bot.14: 582–591. 1927.
—. Seasonal variations in the physical and chemical properties of the leaves of the pitch pine, with especial reference to cold resistance. Am. Jour. Bot.15: 449–472. 1928.
—. Effects of deficiencies of certain mineral elements on the development ofTaraxacum kok-saghyz. Am. Jour. Bot.32: 523–528. 1945.
Meyer, W. Bau und Beanspruchung des Leitungssystems einiger krautiger Pflanzen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.79: 385–405. 1934.
Miller, E. S. andJohnson, J. The relation between leaf tissue pigment concentration and yield in corn. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.30: 941–946. 1938.
Mittmeyer, G. Studien über die Abhängigkeit der Transpiration verschiedener Blattypen vom Licht und Sättigungsderfizit der Luft. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.74: 364–428. 1931.
Montemartini, L. Primi appunti sopra laCaltha palustris L. in alta montagna. Ann. Lab. Bhanousia1: 1–10. 1927.
—. Sul ordine di caduta delle foglie nei pioppi e nei gelshi. Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.69: 23–29. 1930.
Mothes, K. Zur Kenntnis des N-Stoffwechsels höherer Pflanzen. 3. Beitrag (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Blattalters und des Wasserhaushaltes). Planta12: 686–731. 1931.
—. Ernährung, Struktur und Transpiration. Ein Betrag zur kausalen Analyse der Xeromorphosen. Biol. Zentralbl.52: 193–223. 1932.
Muenscher, W. L. D. A study of the relation of transpiration to the size and number of stomata. Am. Jour. Bot.2: 487–504. 1915.
—. The effect of transpiration on the absorption of salts by plants. Am. Jour. Bot.9: 311–329. 1922.
Muller, D. Fosfatets morfologiske Virkning paa Planterne. Tidsskr. Planteavl50: 150–156. 1945.
Netolitzky, F. Zur Theorie der Blattdurchlüftung. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.44: 571–573. 1926.
Newby, H. L. andPearsall, W. H. Observations on nitrogen metabolism in the leaves ofVitis andRheum. Proc. Leeds Phil. & Lit. Soc., Sci. Sect.,2: 81–85. 1930.
Nightingale, G. T. The nitrogen nutrition of green plants. Bot. Rev.3: 85–174. 1937.
Nordhausen, M. Ueber Sonnen- und Schattenblatter. I. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.21: 27–45. 1903.
Nutman, F. J. Studies of the physiology ofCoffea arabica. II. Stomatal movements in relation to photosynthesis under natural conditions. Ann. Bot.1: 681–693. 1937.
Oppenheimer, H. R. andElze, D. L. Irrigation of citrus trees according to physiological indicators. Palestine Jour. Bot., R,4: 20–46. 1941.
Passecker, F. Jugend- und Alterform bei der Aprikose und anderen Obstarten. Gartenbauwiss14: 614–625. 1940.
Pearsall, W. H. andEwing, J. The relation of nitrogen metabolism to plant succulence. Ann. Bot.43: 27–34. 1929.
Pease, V. A. Duration of leaves in evergreens. Am. Jour. Bot.4: 145–160. 1917.
Penfound, W. T. Plant anatomy as conditioned by light intensity and soil moisture. Am. Jour. Bot.18: 558–572. 1931.
—. The anatomy of the castor bean as conditioned by light intensity and soil moisture. Am. Jour. Bot.19: 538–546. 1932.
Penston, N. L. Studies of the physiological importance of the mineral elements in plants. The variation in potassium content of maize leaves during the day. New Phyt.37: 1–14. 1938.
Pfeiffer, N. E. Anatomical study of plants grown under glasses transmitting light of various ranges of wave lengths. Bot. Gaz.85: 427–436. 1928.
Pickett, W. F. andKenworthy, A. L. The relationship between structure, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in apple leaves. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.37: 371–373. 1940.
— andBirkeland, C. J. The influence of some spray materials on the internal structure and chlorophyll content of leaves. Kan. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bull.53: 1–54. 1942.
Popp, H. W. A physiological study of the effect of light of various ranges of wave length on the growth of plants. Am. Jour. Bot.13: 706–735. 1926.
Post, K. Some effects of temperature and light upon the flower bud formation and leaf character of stocks (Mathiola incana). Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.33: 649–652. 1936.
Potapov, P. G. andStankov, N. T. O sutochnoi periodichnosti mineral ’nogo pitaniia. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Novaia seriia (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. USSR, nouv. ser.)2: 40–45. 1934.
Prianischnikov, D. Über physiologische Acidität von Ammoniumnitrat. Biochem. Zeits.182: 204–214. 1927.
—. Über die Ausscheidung von Ammoniak durch die Pflanzenwurzeln bei Saurevergiftung. Biochem. Zeits.193: 211–215. 1928.
—. Über den Einfluss des Entwickelungestadiums auf die Ausnutzung des Ammoniak und Nitratstickstoffs durch die Pflanzen. Trans. 3rd Int. Cong. Soil Sci. Vol.1: 207–209. 1935.
Priestley, J. H. The biology of the living chloroplast. New Phyt.28: 197–217. 1929.
Pringsheim, E. Wasserbewegung und Turgorregulation in welkenden Pflanzen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.43: 89–144. 1906.
Raunkiaer. 1887. [Quoted by Fuller and Bakke, 1918; original in Danish.]
Rippel, A. Der Einfluss der Bodentrockenheit auf den anatomischen Bau der Pflanzen insbesondere vonSinapsis alba, etc. Beih. Bot. Cent., Abt. 1,36: 187–260. 1919.
Rodrigues, A. Variacoes do recorte da folha da videira. Agronomica Lusitana3: 189–193. 1941.
Runyon, E. H. The organization of the creosote bush with respect to drought. Ecology15: 128–138. 1934.
—. Ratio of water content to dry weight in leaves of the creosote bush. Bot. Gaz.97: 518–553. 1936.
Sayre, J. D. Comparative transpiration of tobacco and mullein. Ohio Jour. Sci.19: 422–426. 1919.
—. The relation of hairy coverings to the resistance of leaves in transpiration. Ohio Jour. Sci.20: 55–86. 1920.
Scarth, G. W. Mechanism of action of light and other factors on stomatal movement. Plant Physiol.7: 481–504. 1932.
Schiemann, E. Antirrhinum majus mut.filiforme, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Chimärenfrage. Zeits. Ind. Abs. Ver.79: 50–82. 1940.
Schimper, A. F. W. I. Ueber Schutzmittel des Laubes gegen Transpiration, vornehmlich in der Flora Java’s. Monatsber. Berliner Akad. Wiss. Bd. VII. 1890.
-. Plant geography upon a physiological basis. 839 pp. 1903.
Schnee, L. Der Laubfall vonEuphoribia pulcherrima bei gesteigerter Bodenfeuchtigkeit. Gartenbauwiss.9: 154–156. 1934.
Schneider, K. Beeinflussung von N-Stoffwechsel und Stengelanatomie durch Ernahrung. Zeits. Bot.29: 545–569. 1936.
Schratz, E. Zum Vergleich der Transpiration xeromorpher und mesomorpher Pflanzen. Jour. Ecol.19: 292–296. 1931.
Seiden, R. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Einfluss verschiedener ausserer Faktoren, insobesondere auf den Aschengehalt in den Pflanzen. Landw. Versuchs-Sta.104: 1–50. 1926.
Shantz, H. D. Drought resistance and soil moisture. Ecology8: 145–157. 1927.
Shields, L. M. Am. Jour. Bot.38: 1951.
Shirley, H. F. The influence of light intensity and light quality upon the growth of plants. Am. Jour. Bot.16: 354–390. 1929.
—. Light as an ecological factor and its measurement. Bot. Rev.1: 355–381. 1935.
Shope, Paul F. Stem and leaf structure of aspen at different altitudes in Colorado. Am. Jour. Bot.14: 116–119. 1927.
Shreve, E. B. Seasonal changes in the water relations of desert plants. Ecology4: 266–292. 1923.
Shull, C. A. Lateral water transfer in leaves ofGinkgo biloba. Plant Physiol.9: 387–389. 1934.
Singh, B. N. andLal, K. N. Investigation of the effect of age on assimilation of leaves. Ann. Bot.49: 291–307. 1935.
Sinnott, E. W. andBailey, I. W. Investigations on the phylogeny of the angiosperms. V. Foliar evidence as to the ancestry and early climatic environment of the angiosperms. Am. Tour. Bot.2: 1–22. 1915.
Smith, G. H. Anatomy of the embryonic leaf. Am. Jour. Bot.21: 194–209. 1934.
Smith, T. J. Response of biennial sweet clover to moisture, temperature and length of day. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.34: 865–876. 1942.
Soding, H. Über die Bedingungen für die Entstehung der Sonneblatter. Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.52: 110–120. 1934.
Spalding, V. M. The creosote bush (Covillea tridentata) in its relation to water supply. Bot. Gaz.38: 122–138. 1904.
—. Absorption of water by leaves. Bot. Gaz.41: 262–282. 1906.
Spoehr, H. A. The carbohydrate economy of cacti. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Yearbook16: 73–80. 1917.
Stahl, E. Zur physiologie und Biologie der Exkrete. Flora113: 1–132. 1919.
Stanfield, J. F. Osmotic pressure of leaves ofPinus scopulorum, and certain environment factors. Bot. Gaz.93: 453–465. 1932.
Steemann Nielsen, E. Über die Bedeutung der sogenannten xeromorphen Struktur im Blattbau der Pflanzen auf Nährstoffarmen Boden. Dansk Bot. Ark.10: 1–28. 1940.
Stoddart, L. A. Osmotic pressure and water content of prairie plants. Plant Physiol.10: 661–680. 1935.
Swanson, A. F. Relation of leaf area to grain yield in sorghum. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.33: 908–914. 1941.
Szymkiewicz, D. Badania ekologiczne nad gorskiemi roslinami. Kosmos (Lwow)51: 1–34. 1927.
Tellefsen, M. A. The relation of age to size in certain root cells and in vein islets of the leaves ofSalix nigra Marsh. Am. Jour. Bot.9: 121–139. 1922.
Tetley, U. The development and cytology of the leaves of healthy and “silvered” Victoria plum trees. Ann. Bot.46: 633–652. 1932.
Thoday, D. The significance of reduction in the size of leaves. Jour. Ecol.19: 297–303. 1931.
— andJones, K. M. Acid metabolism and respiration in succulent Compositae. Ann. Bot.3: 677–698. 1939.
Thut, F. Relative humidity variations affecting transpiration. Am. Jour. Bot.25: 589–595. 1938.
Transeau, E. N. On the development of palisade tissue and resinous deposits in leaves. Science19: 866–867. 1904.
Tumanov, J. J. Ungenugende Wasserversorgung und das Welken der Pflanzen als Mittel zur Erhöhung ihrer Dürreresistenz. Planta3: 391–480. 1927.
Turner, H. The ecology ofRhus toxicodendron. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci.15: 208–211. 1923.
Turner, T. W. Studies of the mechanism of the physiological effects of certain mineral salts in altering the ratio of top growth to root growth in seed plants. Am. Jour. Bot.9: 415–445. 1922.
Turrell, F. M. The area of the internal exposed surface of dicotyledon leaves. Am. Jour. Bot.23: 255–264. 1936.
—. The relation between chlorophyll concentration and the internal surface of mesomorphic and xeromorphic leaves grown under artificial light. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.46: 107–117. 1940a.
—. The relation of internal surface to intercellular space in foliage leaves. Science92: 244. 1940b.
—. A quantitative morphological analysis of large and small leaves of alfalfa with special reference to internal surface. Am. Jour. Bot.29: 400–415. 1942.
Ulrich, A. Metabolism in excised barley roots as influenced by temperature, oxygen tension and salt concentration. Am. Jour. Bot.29: 220–226. 1942.
Ursprung, A. Osmotic quantities of plant cells in given phases. Plant Physiol.10: 115–133. 1935.
Vesque, M. M. andViet, M. S. De l’influence du milieu sur la structure anatomique des vegetaux. Ann. Sci. Nat. VI. Bot.12: 176. 1881.
Volkens, G. Die Flora der ägyptisch-arabischen Wüste auf Grundlage anatomisch-physiologischer Forschungen. 1887.
Wadleigh, C. H.,et al. The trend of starch reserves in bean plants before and after irrigation of a saline soil. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci.43: 201–209. 1943.
Wallace, R. H. andClum, H. H. Leaf temperatures. Am. Jour. Bot.25: 83–97. 1938.
Warming, E. Oecology of plants. 1925.
Watson, A. N. Further studies on the relation between thermal emissivity and plant temperatures. Am. Jour. Bot.21: 605–609. 1934.
Watson, R. W. The mechanism of elongation in palisade cells. New Phyt.41: 206–221. 1942.
Watson, W. Absorption of water by dead roots. Ann. Bot.8: 119–120. 1894.
Weaver, J. E. andMogensen, A. Relative transpiration of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in autumn and winter. Bot. Gaz.68: 393–424. 1919.
—. Investigations on the root habits of plants. Am. Jour. Bot.12: 502–509. 1925.
- andClements, F. E. Plant ecology. 520 pp. 1929.
Welton, F. A. Lodging in oats and wheat. Bot. Gaz.85: 121–151. 1928.
Westermaier, M. Ueber Bau und Funktion des pflanzlichen Hautgewebesystems. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.14: ?. 1884.
Wetzel, K. Die Wasseraufnahme der höheren pflanzengemässigter Klimate durch oberirdische Organe. Flora117: 221–269. 1924.
White, P. R. “Root pressure”—an unappreciated force in sap movement. Am. Jour. Bot.25: 223–227. 1938.
Wiegand, K. M. The relation of hairy and cutinized coverings to transpiration. Bot. Gaz.49: 430–444. 1910.
Wiesner, J. Grundversuche über den Einfluss der Luftbewegung auf die Transpiration der Pflanzen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Abt. 1,96: 182. 1887.
Williams, H. F. Absorption of water by the leaves of common mesophytes. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.48: 83–100. 1932.
Wood, J. G. The stomatal frequencies, transpiration and osmotic pressures of sclerophyll and tomentose-succulent leaved plants. Jour. Ecol.22: 69–87. 1934.
Woodroof, J. G. andWoodroof, N. C. Pecan root growth and development. Jour. Agr. Res.49: 511–530. 1934.
Wylie, R. B. Relations between tissue organization and vein distribution in dicotyledon leaves. Am. Jour. Bot.26: 219–225. 1939.
—. The role of the epidermis in foliar organization and its relations to the minor venation. Am. Jour. Bot.30: 273–280. 1943.
—. Relations between tissue organization and vascularization in leaves of certain tropical and subtropical dicotyledons. Am. Jour. Bot.33:721–726. 1946.
Yapp, R. H. Spiraea ulmaria L. and its bearing on the problem of xeromorphy in marsh plants. Ann. Bot.26: 815–870. 1912.
— andMason, U. C. The distribution of water in the shoots of certain herbaceous plants. Ann. Bot.46: 159–181. 1932.
Yates, R. C. andCurtis, J. T. The effect of sucrose and other factors on the shoot-root ratio of orchid seedlings. Am. Jour. Bot.36: 390–396. 1949.
Yocum, L. W. The stomata and transpiration of oaks. Plant Physiol.10: 795–801. 1935.
Yoshii, Y. andJimbo, T. Untersuchungen über die osmotischen Werte bei Pflanzen auf dem Berg Hakkôda. Sci. Repts. Tôhoku Imp. Univ. 4th Ser. (Biol.)6: 259–283. 1931.
Zalenski, V. Materials for the study of the quantitative anatomy of different leaves of the same plant. Mem. Polytech. Inst. Kiev.4: 1–204. 1904.
Zamfirescu, N. Cercetari asupra absorptiunii apei prin organele aeriene ale plantelor. Supl. Bul. Min. Agric. si Domeniilor (Bucharest)3: 1–105. 1931.
Zirkle, C. The plant vacuole. Bot. Rev.3: 1–30. 1937.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shields, L.M. Leaf xeromorphy as related to physiological and structural influences. Bot. Rev 16, 399–447 (1950). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02869988
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02869988