References
Bierman, A. K. “That There Are No Iconic Signs.”Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 23: 243–49; 1962.
Brown, R. W.Words and Things. Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1958.
Bruner, J. S.The Process of Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.
Bruner, J. S.; Goodnow, Jacqueline J.; and Austin, G. A.A Study of Thinking. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1956.
Gibson, J. J. “A Theory of Pictorial Perception.”AV Communication Review 2: 3–23; Winter 1954.
Hadamard, J. S.An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1945
Henle, Mary. “The Birth and Death of Ideas.”Creative Thinking. (Edited by H. E. Gruber, G. Terrell, and M. Wertheimer.) Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962. pp. 31–62.
Hochberg, J. E. “The Psychophysics of Pictorial Perception.”AV Communication Review 10: 22–54; September-October 1962.
Hochberg, J. E., and Brooks, Virginia. “Pictorial Recognition as an Unlearned Ability: A Study of One Child’s Performance.”American Journal of Psychology 75. 624–28; 1962.
Humphreys-Owen, S. P. F. “Physical Principles Underlying Inorganic Form.”Aspects of Form. (Edited by L. L. Whyte.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961. pp. 8–22.
Knowlton, J. Q.A Socioand Psycho-Linguistic Theory of Pictorial Communication. NDEA Title VII-B, Contract No. OE-3-16-019. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Office of Education, November 1964. (Mimeo)
Langer, Susanne K.Philosophy in a New Key. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1942.
Morris, C. W. Signs,Language and Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1946.
Ogden, C. K., and Richards, I. A.The Meaning of Meaning. London, Eng.: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1923.
Osgood, C. E.; Suci, G. J.; and Tannenbaum, P. H.The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1958.
Pfeiffer, J., and Editors ofLife. The Cell. New York: Time, Inc., 1964.
Richards, I. A.; Metcalf, Ruth C.; and Gibson, Christine.Spanish Through Pictures. New York: Pocket Books, 1953.
Ruesch, J., and Kees, W.Nonverbal Communication. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956.
Werner, H., and Kaplan, B.Symbol formation. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1963.
Whorf, B. L.Language, Thought, and Reality. (With an Introduction by J. B. Carroll.) Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press, 1956.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This paper is based on a study, “A Socio-and Psycho-Linguistic Theory of Pictorial Communication,”supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, under the provisions of Title VII-B of the National Defense Education Act of 1958 (Contract Number OE-3-16-019). It is not possible for this writer to acknowledge as fully as he would like to the many scholars whose thinking has shaped his own. Certain persons, however, have had an especially profound influence on the writer’s development. These scholars are Roger Brown, Jerome Bruner, Charles Hockett, Susanne Langer, and Charles Morris.
The author wishes to thank John Peterson for the artwork that appears in this paper.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Knowlton, J.Q. On the definition of “Picture”. ECTJ 14, 157–183 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02769550
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02769550