Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical derivatization techniques in the determination of functional groups by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

  • Reviews
  • Published:
Journal of Analytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The fundamentals of chemical derivatization techniques as applied to the quantitative analysis of ultrathin surface layers of various organic compounds via functional groups were considered. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as an example of the most informative and almost nondestructive technique for characterization of thin layers, the general requirements imposed on the selective chemical reactions and possible artifacts were discussed. The validity of the technique was illustrated by the examples of analyses of surface layers of organic polymers with known concentrations of surface functional groups, plasma-modified polymers, and carbon fibers. It was noted that selective chemical reactions are successfully used in other techniques for studying material surfaces. The surface analysis of organic materials via functional groups can be performed with a simultaneous increase in the sensitivity of the corresponding spectral technique.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adamson, A.,The Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, New York: Wiley, 1976. Translated under the titleFizicheskaya khimiya poverkhnosti, Moscow: Mir, 1979, p. 568.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Nefedov, V.I. and Cherepin, V.T.,Fizicheskie metody issledovaniya poverkhnosti tverdykh tel (Physical Methods of Studying Solid Surfaces), Moscow: Nauka, 1983, p. 296.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Electron and Ion Spectroscopy of Solids, Fiermans, L., Vennik, J., and Dekeyser, W., Eds., New York: Plenum, 1978. Translated under the titleElektronnaya i ionnaya spektroskopiya tverdykh tel, Moscow: Mir, 1981, p. 467.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Methods of Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A., Ed., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1975. Translated under the titleMetody analiza poverkhnosti, Moscow: Mir, 1979, p. 582.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M.P., Eds., New York: Wiley, 1983, p. 533.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Nuzzo, R.G. and Smolinsky, G.,Macromolecules, 1984, vol. 17, p. 1013.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sirota, A.G.,Modifikatsiya struktury i svoistva poliolefinov (Structure Modification and Properties of Polyolephines), Leningrad: Khimiya, 1984, p. 152.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kestel’man, V.N.,Fizicheskie metody modifikatsii polimernykh materialov (Physical Methods of Modification of Polymer Materials), Moscow: Khimiya, 1980, p. 224.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Briggs, D.,Surface Analysis and Pretreatment of Plastics and Metals, Brewis, D.M., Ed., London, 1982.

  10. Povstugar, V.I., Kodolov, V.I., and Mikhailova, S.S.,Stroenie i svoistva poverkhnosti polimernykh materialov (Structure and Properties of the Surface of Polymer Materials), Moscow: Khimiya, 1988, p. 192.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Briggs, D.,Polymer, 1984, vol. 25, no. 10, p. 1379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Povstugar, V.I., Tyurin, S.A., and Kodolov, V.I.,Vysokomol. Soedin. Ser. A, 1985, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pijpers, A.P. and Meier, R.J.,J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1987, vol. 43, p. 131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Batich,C.D., Appl. Surf. Sci., 1988, vol. 32, p. 57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Andrade, J.D.,Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers, vol. 1:X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, New York: Plenum, 1985, ch. 4, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Everhart, D.S. and Reilley, C.N.,Anal. Chem., 1981, vol. 53, p. 665.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Knapp, D.R.,Handbook of Analytical Derivatizaton Reactions, Wiley, 1979, p. 741.

  18. Critchfield, F.,Organic Functional Group Analysis, Oxford, 1963. Translated under the titleAnaliz osnovnykh funktsional’nykh grupp v organicheskikh soedineniyakh, Moscow: Mir, 1965, p. 207.

  19. Siggia, S. and Hanna, J.G.,Quantitative Organic Analysis via Functional Groups, New York: Wiley, 4 ed., 1980. Translated under the titleKolichestvennyi organicheskii analiz po funktsional’nym gruppam, Moscow: Khimiya, 1983, p. 672.

    Google Scholar 

  20. von Brecht, H., Mayer, F., and Binder, H.,Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1973, vol. 33, p. 89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dwight, D.W. and Riggs, W.M.,J. Coll. Interface Sci., 1974, vol. 47, p. 656.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Millard, M.M.,Ind. Appl. Surface Anal. Symp. 181st Meeting American Chemical Society, New York, 23–28 Aug. 1981, Washington, D.C., 1982, p. 143.

  23. Riggs, W.M. and Dwight, D.W.,J. Electron Spectrosc. Related Phenom., 1974, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 447.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Amemiya, T., Hayashi, T., and Nihei, Y.,Bunseki Kagaku, 1988, vol. 37, no. 9, p. 481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Briggs, D., Brewis, D.M., and Konieczo, M.B.,J. Mater. Sci., 1977, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reilley, C.N. and Everhart, D.S.,Applied Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis, Windawi, H. and Ho, F.F.-L., Eds., New York: Wiley, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Briggs, D., Rance, D.G., Kendall, C.R., and Blythe, A.R.,Polymer, 1980, vol. 21, p. 895.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ohmichi, T., Tamaki, H., Kawasaki, H., and Tatsuta, S., inPhysicochemical Aspects of Polymer Surfaces, Mittal, K., Ed., New York: Plenum, 1983, p. 793.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dickie, R.A., Hammond, Y.S., de Vries, J.E., and Holubka, J.W.,Anal. Chem., 1982, vol. 54, p. 2045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gerenser, L.J., Elman, J.F., Mason, M.G., and Pachan, J.M.,Polymer, 1985, vol. 26, no. 8, p. 1162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pennings, J.F.M. and Bosman, B.,Coll. Polym. Sci, 1980, vol. 258, p. 1099.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Briggs, D. and Kendall, C.R.,Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 1982, no. 1, p. 13.

  33. Hammond, J.S.,Polym, Preprint Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem, 1980, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Polymer Blends, Paul, D. and Newman, C., Eds., New York: Academic, 1979. Translated under the titlePolimernye smesi, Moscow: Mir, 1981, p. 540.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Clark, D.T. and Feast, W.Y.,J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem., 1975, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fryling, M., Zhao, J., and McCreery, L.,Anal. Chem., 1995, vol. 67, no. 5, p. 697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Whitesides, G.M., Rasmussen, J.R., and Tredronsky, E.R.,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1977, vol. 99, p. 4736.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Briggs, D. and Kendall, C.R.,Polymer, 1979, vol. 20, p. 1053.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bradley, A. and Czuha, M., Jr.,Anal. Chem., 1975, vol. 47, no. 11, p. 1838.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Denison, R., Jones, F.R., and Watts, J.F.,J. Mater. Sci., 1985, vol. 20, no. 12, p. 4647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Batich, C.D. and Wendt, R.C.,Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser, 1981, vol. 162, p. 221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Deldime, M., Dewez, J.-L., Schneider, Y.-J., and March-and-Brynaert, J.,Appl. Surf. Sci., 1995, vol. 90, no. 1, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Clark, D.T.,Pure Appl. Chem., 1982, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Millard, M.M. and Masri, M.S.,Anal. Chem., 1974, vol. 46, no. 12, p. 1820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Dang, T.A. and Gnanasekaran, R.,Surf. Interface Anal., 1990, vol. 15, p. 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Pochan, J.M., Gerenser, L.J., and Elman, J.F.,Polymer, 1986, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 1058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gombotz, W.R. and Hoffman, A.S.,J. Appl. Polym. Sci: Appl. Polym. Symp., 1988, vol. 42, p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zeggane, S. and Delamar, M.,Appl. Surf. Sci., 1988, vol. 31, no. l, p. 151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dickie, R.A. and Hammond, J.S., de Ries J.E., Holubka J.W,Anal. Chem., 1982, vol. 54, p. 2045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Everhart, D.S. and Reilley, C.N.,Surf. Interface Anal., 1981, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nakayama, Y., Takahagi, T., Soeda, F., Hatada, K., Nagaoka, S., Suzuki, J., and Ishitani, A.,J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 1988, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Chillkoti, A., Castner, D.G., Ratner, B.D., and Briggs, D.,J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 1990, vol. 8, no. 3, p. 2274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Chillkoti, A., Ratner, B.D., and Briggs, D.,Chem. Mater., 1991, vol. 3, p. 51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Davies, C. and Munro, H.S.,Polym. Commun., 1987, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Andrade, J.D. and Chen, W.-Y.,Surface Interface Anal., 1986, vol. 8, no. 6, p. 253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pennings, J.F.M. and Bosman, B.,Coll. Polym. Sci, 1980, vol. 258, p. 1099.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lanauzer, J.A. and Myers, D.L.,J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1990, vol. 40, nos. 3–4, p. 595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Everhart, D.S. and Reilley, C.N.,Surf. Interface Anal., 1981, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Elman, J.F., Gerenser, J.L., Goppet-Berarducci, K.E., and Pochan, J.M.,Macromolecules, 1990, vol. 23, p. 3922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Inagaki, N. and Kubokawa, Y.,J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 1989, vol. 27, p. 795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Denison, R., Jones, F.R., and Watts, J.F.,J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1987, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Denison, R., Jones, F.R., and Watts, J.F.,Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Compos. Interfaces, Cleavland, Ohio, June 13–17, 1988, New-York, 1988, p. 77.

  63. Takahagi, T. and Ishitani, A.,Carbon, 1988, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Takahagi, T. and Ishitani, A.,Carbon, 1984, vol. 22, no. l, p. 43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Idage, S.B., Badrinarayanan, S., Vernekar, S.P., and Sivaram, S.,Langmuir, 1996, vol. 12, p. 1018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Deldime, M., Dewez, J.-L., Schneider, Y-J., and March-and-Brynaert, J.,Appl. Surf. Sci., 1995, vol. 90, p. 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gang, T.A. and Gnanasekran, R.,Surf. Interface Anal., 1990, vol. 15, p. 113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Povstugar, V.I., Shakov, A.A., Mikhailova, S.S., Voronina, E.V., and Yelsukov, E.P.,Proc. 6th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis, Oct. 9–13, 1995, Montreux, Switzerland, New York: Wiley, 1996, p. 695.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Povstugar, V.I., Lyakhovich, A.M., and Shakov, A.A.,J. Electron Spectrosc. and Related Phenom., 1994, vol. 68, p. 565.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physicotechnical Institute, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kirova 132, 426001, Izhevsk, Russia

    V. I. Povstugar, S. S. Mikhailova & A. A. Shakov

Authors
  1. V. I. Povstugar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. S. Mikhailova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. A. Shakov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Povstugar, V.I., Mikhailova, S.S. & Shakov, A.A. Chemical derivatization techniques in the determination of functional groups by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Anal Chem 55, 405–416 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02757474

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02757474

Keywords

Search

Navigation