Skip to main content
Log in

Classification and treatment of pneumonia

  • Special Article
  • Published:
The Indian Journal of Pediatrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. TheState of the World’s Children 1993. United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF).

  2. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children-Policy document, Government of India, 1990.

  3. Datta N, Kumar V, Kumar L et al. Application of case management to the control of acute lower respiratory infections in low-birth-weight infants: a feasibility study.Bull WHO 1987; 65 (1): 77–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Roesin R, Sutanto A, Sastra K et al. ARI intervention study in Kediri, Indonesia.Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990; 65 (4): 23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pandey MR, Nils MP, Bulaire PR et al. Report of ARI intervention studies from Nepal.Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990; 65 (4): 24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Pandey MR, Sharma PR, Gubhaju BB et al. Impact of a pilot acute respiratory infection control programme in a rural community of the hill region of Nepal.Ann Trop Peidatr 1989; 9 (4): 212–220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khan AJ, Khan JA, Akbar M et al. Acute respiratory infections in children: a case management intervention in Abottabad district Pakistan.Bull WHO 1990; 68 (5): 577–585.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mejorada MF et al.Proceedings of a Workshop on Operational Lessons from the Implemention of an ARI Control Programme, Manila, September 26–27. 1989. Manila Research Institute for Tropical Medicine 1990. pp. 27–32.

  9. Mtango FDE, Neuvians D. Acute respiratory infections in children under five years. Control project in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania.Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1986; 80: 851–858.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fauveau V, Stewart MK, Chakraborty J et al. Impact on mortality of a community based programme to control acute lower respiratory tract infections.Bull WHO 1992; 70 (1): 109–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bang AT, Bang RA, Tale O et al. Reduction in pneumonia mortality and total childhood mortality: results of a community based intervention trial in Gadchiroli, India.Lancet 1990; 336 (8709): 201–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Acute respiratory infections in children: Case management in small hospitals in developing countries—A manual for doctors and other senior health workers.WHO/ARI/90.5.

  13. National Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme-Integrated clinical skills course for physicians. Government of India.

  14. Technical bases for the WHO recommendations on the management of pneumonia in children at first level health facilities.WHO/ARI/91.20.

  15. Guidelines for Management of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children.Proceedings of Meeting of Task Force on Acute Respiratory Diseases held at AIIMS, India, 1992.

  16. Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries.Pediatr Infect Dis 1986; 5 (2): 247–252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Turner RB, Lande AE, Chase P et al. Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: Cause and clinical manifestations.J Pediatr 1987; 111 (2): 194–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ghafoor A, Nomani NK, Ishaq Z et al. Diagnoses of acute respiratory infections in children in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, PakistanRev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (Suppl. 8): S907-S914.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hietala J, Uhari M, Tuokko H et al. Mixed bacterial and viral infections are common in children.Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8 (10): 683–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fedson DS, Rusthoven J. Acute lower respiratory disease.Prim Care 1979; 6 (1): 13–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Antibiotics in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in young children.WHO/ARI/90.10.

  22. Kauffman RE, Thirumoorthi MC, Buckley JA et al. Relative bioavailability of intravenous chloramphenicol succinate and oral chloramphenicol palmitate in infants and children.J Pediatr 1981 99 (6): 963–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shann F, Linneman V, Mackenzie A, et al. Absorption of chloramphenicol sodium succinate after intramuscular administration in children.New Engl J Med 1985; 313 (7): 410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mehta S, Kalsi HK. Chloramphenicol metabolism in children with protein-calorie malnutrition.Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 28: 977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Samotra K, Gupta S, Raira RK. Effect of malnutrition on chloramphenicol kinetics in Indian children.Acta Pharmacol Sinica 1986; 7: 162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Eriksson M, Paalzow L, Balme P et al. Chloramphenicol pharmacokinetics in Ethiopian children of differing nutritional status.Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 24: 817.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bang AT, Bang RA, Morankar VP et al. Pneumonia in neonates: Can it be managed in the community?Arch Dis Child 1993; 68 (5 Spec No): 550–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Larssen S, Svedmyr N. Bronchodilating effects and side effects of B2 adrenocepter stimulants by different modes of administration. A study with salbutamol and asthmatics.Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116: 861–869.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Newhouse MT, Dolovich MB current concepts control of asthma by aerosols.New Engl J Med 1986; 315: 870–874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Reiser J, Warner JO. Inhalation treatment for asthma.Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 88–94

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Olson LG. Aminophylline in acute asthma.Aust NZ J Med 1987; 17 (2): 263–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rivlin J, Mindorff C, Reilly R et al. Pulmonary response to a bronchodilator delivered from three inhalation devices.J Pediatr 1984; 104: 470–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Levisin, Reilley PR, Worsley GH. Spacing devices and metered dose inhalers in childhood asthma.J Pediatr 1985; 107: 662–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee H, Evans HE. Evaluation of inhalation aids of metered dose inhaler in asthmatic children.Chest 1987; 91: 366–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Henry RL, Milner AD, Davies JG. Simple drug delivery system for use by young asthmatics.Br Med J 1983; 286: 202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Landau LI, Lenney W. Simple drug delivery system for use by young asthmatics.Br Med J 1993; 286: 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Murray M, O'Callaghan C. How to treat the wheezy infant.Maternal, and Child Health 1988; 13: 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  38. Teo J, Kwang LW. An inexpensive spacer for use with metered dose bronchodilators in young asthmatic children.Pediatr Pulmonol 1988; 5: 244–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mallol J, Barrueto L. Bronchodilator effects of fenoterol and ipratropium bromide in infants with acute wheezing: Use of MDI with a spacer device.Pediar Pulmonol 1987; 3: 352–356.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lee HS, Evans HE. Aerosol bag for administration of bronchodilators to young asthmatic children.Pediatrics 1984; 73: 230–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. El-Kassimi FA. “Aerosol-in-bag” administration of inhaled bronchodilators.Eur J Respir Dis 70: 234–238.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bahl, R., Bhandari, N. & Bhan, M.K. Classification and treatment of pneumonia. Indian J Pediatr 61, 605–618 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02751964

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02751964

Keywords

Navigation