Summary
TheO(x 8) mass correction to heavy quarkonia is usually obtained by neglecting the « light » quark masses in the vacuum polarization of the exchanged gluon. This approximation is good only if the mass to be neglected is smaller than a few percent of the Bohr momentum of the heavy quarkonium. This requirement is not met for the b, c and even s quarks in toponium.
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Fuss, W., Wiethumer, G. Light quark masses and modified uehling potential in heavy quarkonia. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 44, 523–527 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02746753
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02746753