Skip to main content
Log in

Diagnosis ofHelicobacter Pylori

  • Special Article
  • Published:
The Indian Journal of Pediatrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In view of its potential risk for the development of gastrointestinal disease or even gastric cancer at a later age, the study ofHelicobacter pylori infection in childhood is gaining increasing importance andH. pylori infection is being considered a major issue of public health.H. pylori infection can be detected by a variety of methods. Because of its easy use, affordability, and overall availability, serology is the preferred diagnostic test, especially for large epidemiological studies. Based on our results, one might consider treating a child with recurrent abdominal pain and positive serology forH. pylori without further work-up, and only perform additional investigations when an anti-W.pylori therapy fails to resolve the complaints. According to this proposition, endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract remains indicated in children if the noninvastive tests forHelicobacter pylori are negative in the absence of a diagnosis, or if symptomatology persists despite treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.Lancet 1983; 1: 1273–1275.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Marshall BJ, Armstong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfil Koch’s postulates for pyloric camplylobacter.Med J Aust 1985; 142: 436–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Czinn SJ, Speck WT.Campylobacter pylori: a new pathogen?J Pediatr 1989; 114: 670–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Sherman P.Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia: a systematic overview.Can Med Assoc J 1994; 150:177–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. De Giacomo C, Lisato L, Negrini R, Licardi G, Maggiore G. Serum immune response toHelicobacter pylori in children: epidemiologic and clinical applications.J Pediatr 1991; 199 : 205–210.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Drumm B, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ, Sherman PM. Intrafamilial clustering ofHelicobacter pylori infection.N Engl J Med 1990; 322:359–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Oderda G, Vaira D, Holton J. Age-related increase ofHelicobacter pylori prevalence in symptom-free and in dyspeptic children.Lancet 1992; 340: 671–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Thomas JE, Eastham EJ, Elliott TSJ, Dobson CM, Jones DM.Camplyobacter pylori gastritis in children: a common cause of symptomsGut 1988; 29 : 707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Thomas JE, Whatmore AM, Barer MR, Eastham EJ, Kehoe MA. Serodiagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection in childhood.J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 2641–2646.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Holcombe C, Tsimiri S, Elridge J, Jones DM. Prevalence of antibody toHelicobacter pylori in children in northern Nigeria.Transact Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87:19–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sullivan PB, Thomas JE, Wight DGDet ah. Helicobacter pylori in Gambian children with chronic diarrhea and malnutrition.Arch Dis Child 1990; 65:189–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Klein PD, Graham DY, Gaillour A, Opekun AR, Smith EO. Water source as a risk factor forHelicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children. Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group.Lancet 1991; 337:1503–1506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Burstein M, Monge E, Leon-Barua Ret al. Low peptic ulcer and high gastric cancer prevalence in a developing country with a high prevalence of infection byHelicobacter pylori.J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13:154–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hazell SL, Mitchell HM, Hu PJet al. Gastric cancer: is childhood acquisition ofHelicobacter pylori the key.Ir J Med Sci 1992; 161 (Suppl 10): 22.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bizzozero B. Uber die schlauchtõrmigch Drüsen des Magendarmkanals und die Beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflachencepithel der Schleimhaut.Arch Mikr Anat 1893; 23: 82–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Freedburg AS, Barron LE. The presence of spirochetes in human gastric mucosa.Am J Dig Dis 1940; 7:443–445.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Krienitz W. Uber das Auftreten von Spirochaeten verschiedener Form im Mageninhalt bei Carcinoma ventriculi.Dtsch Med Wschr 1906; 22:872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rosenow EC, Sandford AH. The bacteriology of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in man.J Infect Dis 1915; 17: 210–226.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Barthel JS, Everett ED. Diagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori infections. The“gold standard” and the alternatives.Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 (Suppl 1): 107–114.

    Google Scholar 

  20. The Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. Rapid identification of pyloricCampylobacter in Peruvians with gastritis.Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:1089–1904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Isaacson PG, Gastrointestinal lymphoma.Hum Pathol 1994; 25:1020–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gustavsson S, Phillips SF, Malagelada JR, Rosenblatt JE. Assessment of Campylobacter like organisms in the postoperative stomach, iatrogenic gastritis, and chronic gastroduodenal diseases: preliminary observations.Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62:265–268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Montgomery E, Martin DF Peura DA. Rapid diagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori by Gram’s stain.Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 90:606–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gray SF, Wyatt JI, Rathobone BJ. Simplified techniques for identifyingCampylobacter pyloridis.J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 1279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wyatt JI, Primrose J, Dixon MF. Distribution ofCampylobacter pylori in gastric biopsiesJ Pathol 1988; 155: 350.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Elta GH, Appelman HD, Behler EM, Wilson JA, Nostrant TJ. A study of the correlation between endoscopic and histological diagnoses in gastroduodenitis.Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 749–753.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sauerbruch T, Schreiber MA, Schnssler P, Permanetter W. Endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastritis: diagnostic value of endoscopic criteria in relation to histologic diagnosis.Endoscopy 1984; 16 : 101–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Megraud F, Bonnet F, Gamier M, Lamouliatte H. Characterization ofCampylobacter pyloridis by culture, enzymatic profile, and protein content.J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:1007–1010.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hudson MJ, Newell DG. Continuous culture ofCampylobacter pylori. In: Ruiz-Palacios C, Calva E, Ruiz-Palacios ER (eds) :Campylobacter V Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Campylobacter Infections. Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, 1991; pp. 293–295.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Humphreys H, O’Morain C. Culture of the organisms and histochemical identification.Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23 (Suppl 142): 16–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ansorg R, von Recklinghausen G, Pomarius R, Schmid EN. Evaluation of techniques for isolation, subcultivation and preservation ofHelicobacter pylori.J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 51–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Krajden S, Bohnen J, Anderson Jet al. Comparison of selective and non-selective media for recovery ofCampylobacter pylori from antral biopsies.J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1117–1118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tee W, Fairley S, Smallwood R, Dwyer B. Comparative evaluation of three selective media and a nonselective medium for the culture ofHelicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies:J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29 : 2587–2589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glupczynski Y, Labbe M, Thibaumont F. Comparative evaluation of a new selective culture medium for improved isolation ofCampylobacter pylori from gastric biopsy specimens. In: Megraud F, Lamouliatte H (eds).Gastroduodenal pathology and Campylobacter pylori. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1989; 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Westblom TU, Madan E, Midkiff BR. Egg yolk emulsion agar, a new medium for the cultivation ofHelicobacter pylori.J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 819–821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Oliveri R, Bugnoli M, Armellini Det al. Growth ofHelicobacter pylori in media containing cyclodextrins.J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 160–162.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cellini L, Allocati N, Piccolomini R, Di Campli E, Danielli B. New plate medium for growth and detection of urease activity ofHelicobacter pylori, J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1351–1353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dent JC, McNulty CAM. Evaluation of a new selective medium forCampylobacter pylori.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7:555–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Goodwin CS, Blincow ED, Warren JR, waters TE, ’Sanderson CR, Easton L. Evaluation of cultural techniques for isolatingCampylobactr pyloridis from endoscopic biopsies of gastric mucosa.J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:1127–1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Queiroz DMM, Mendes EN, Rocha G. Indicator medium for the isolation ofCampylobactr pylori.J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:2378–2379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Secker DA, Tompkins DS, Alderson G. Gas permeable Lifecell tissue culture flasks give improved growth ofHelicobacter pylori in a liquid medium.J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1060–1061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Taylor DE, Hargreaves JA, Ng LK, Sherbaniuk RW, Jewell LD. Isolation and charactrization ofCampylobacter pyloridis from biopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 87: 49–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Goodwin CS, Worsley BW. Microbiology ofHelicobacter pylori.Gastroenterol Clin N Am 1993; 22: 5–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Marshall BJ, McGeehie D, Rogers PA, Glancy RJ. Pyloric campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease.Med J Aust 1985; 142: 439–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hazell SL, Lee A.Campylobacter pylori, urease, hydrogen ion back diffusion, and gastric ulcers.Lancet 1986; 2:15–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Langenberg ML, Tijtgat GNJ, Schipper MEI, Rietra PJGM, Zanene HC.Campylobacter-like organisms in the stomach of patient and healthy individuals.Lancet 1984; 1:1348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Marshall BJ, Langton SR. Urea hydrolysis in patients withCampylobactr pylori infection.Lancet 1986; 2: 965–966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration.Lancet 1984; 1:1311–1315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Abdalla S, Marco F, Perez RM. Rapid detection ofCampylobacter pylori colonization by a simple biochemical test.J. Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 2604–2605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Arvind AS, Cook RS, Tabaqchali S, Farthing MJG. One-minute endoscopy room test forCampylobacter pylori.Lancet 1988; 1:704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Deltenre M, Glupvyzynsi Y, De Prez Cet al. The reliability of urease tests, histology and culture in the diagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori infection.Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24 (Suppl 160): 19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Marshall BJ, Warren JR, Francis GJ, Langton SR, Goodwin CS, Blincow ED. Rapid urease test in the management ofCampylobactepyloridis associated gastritis.Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 200–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. McNulty CAM, Dent JC Uff JC, Gear MWL, Wilkinson SP. Detection ofCampylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test: an assessment of 1445 patients.Gur 1989; 30:1058–1062.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Thillainayagam AV, Arvind AS, Cook RS, Harrison IG, Tabaqchali S, Farthin MJ. Diagnostic effeciency of an ultrarapid endoscopy room test forHelicobacter pylori infection.Gur 1991; 32:467–469.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Vaira D, Holton J Cairns Set al. Urease tests forCampylobacter pylori; care in interpretation.J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 812–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hazell SL, Borody TJ, Gal A, Lee A.Campylobacter pyloridis. Gastritis. I: detection of urease as a marker of bacterial colonization and gastritis.Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 292–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Logan RPH. The“C-urea breath test for the detection ofHelicobacter pylori. In: (eds) Rathbone RJ, Heatley RVHelicobactoer pylori and gastroduodenal disease. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1992; pp. 88–107.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Graham DY, Klein PD; Evans DJ Jret al. Campylobacter pylori detected noninvasively by the C-urea breath test.Lancet 1987; 1:1174–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Debognie JC, Pauwels S, Raat A, de Meeus Y, Haot J, Mainguet P. Quantification ofHelicobacter pylori infection in gastritis and ulcer disease using a simple and rapid carbon-14-urea breath test.J Nucl Med 1991; 32:1192–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Henze E, Malfertheiner P, Clausen M, Burkhardit H, Adam WE. Validation of a simplified carbon-14-urea breath test for routine use for detectingHelicobacter pylori noninvasively.J Nucl Med 1990; 31: 1940–1944.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Marshall BJ, Surveyor I. Carbon-14 urea breath tests for the diagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori-associated gastritis.J Nucl Med 1988; 29:11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Marshall BJ, Plankey MW, Hoffman SRet al. A 20-minute breath test forHelicobacter pylori.Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 438–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Craig H. Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectometric analysis of carbon dioxide.Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1957; 12: 133–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Logan RPH, Dill S, Bauer FEet al. The European C-urea breath test for the detection ofHelicobacter pylori.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 915–921.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Evans DJ Jr, Dolores GE, Graham DY, Klein PD. A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection ofCampylobacter pylori infection.Gastroenterology 1989; 96:1004–1008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Graham DY, Klein PD, Opekun AR, Boutton TW. Effect of age on the frequnecy of activeCampylobacter pylori infection daignosed by the C-urea breathtest in normal subjects and patients with peptic ulcer disease.J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 777–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vandenplas Y, Blecker U, Devreker Tet al. Contribution of the C-urea breath test to the detection ofHelicobacter pylori gastritis in children.Pediatrics 1992; 90: 608–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Newell DG, Rathbone BJ. The serodiagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori infection.Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis 1989; 3:1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Newell DG, Stacey AR. The serology ofHelicobacter pylori infection. In Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV (eds)Helicabacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 1992; 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jones DM, Lessells AM, Eldridge J.Camylobacter-like organisms on the gastric mucosa: culture, hitological, and serological studies.J Clin Pathol 1984; 37 : 1002–1006.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Von Wulffen H. An assessment of srological tests for detectio ofHelicobacter pylori.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:577–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Von Wulffen H, Heesemann J, Butzow GH, Loning T, Laufs R. Detection ofCampylobacter pyloridis in patients with antrum gastritis and peptic ulcers by culture, complement fixation test, and immunoblot.J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 716–720.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Jones DM, Eldridge J, Fox AJ Sethi P, Whorwell PJ. Antibody to the gastric campylobacter-like organism (“Campylobacter pyloridis”) clinical correlations and distribution in the normal population.J Med Microbiol 1986; 22: 57–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cutler AF, Schubert A, Schubert T. Role ofHelicobacter pylori serology in evaluating treatment success.Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 2262–2266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Glupczynski Y, Burette A, Goossens H, DePrez C, Butzler JP. Effect of antimicrobial therapy on the specific serological response ofHelicobacter pylori infection.Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis 1992; 11: 583–588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hirschl AM, Brandstatter G, Dragosics Bet al. Kinetics of specific IgG antibodies for monitoring the effect of antiHelicobacter pylori chemotherapy.J Inf Dis 1993; 168: 763–766.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Sugiyama T, Imai K, Yoshida Het al. A novel enzyme immunoassay for serodiagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection.Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 77–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Glupczynski Y. Methodiological aspects of serology for the diagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5 (Suppl 2) 50–53.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Mitchell HM, Lee A, Berkowicz J, Borody T. The use of serology to diagnose activeCampylobacter pylori infection.Med J Aust 1988; 149: 604–609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hirschl AM, Rathbone BJ, Wyatt JI, Berger J, Rotter MI. Comparison of ELISA antigen preparations alone or in combination for serodignosingHelicobacter pylori infections.J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 511–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Newell DG, Stacey AR. Antigens for the serodiagnosis ofCampylobacter pylori infections.Gastroenterol Biol Clin 1989; 13: 37B-41B.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Evans DJ Jr, Evans DG, Smith K, Graham, DY. Serum antibody responses to the Nacetylneuraminyllactose binding hemagglutinin ofCampylobacter pylori.J Clin Microbiol 1989; 57: 664–667.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Megraud F, Axelsson C, Bouchard S, Camou C. Comparison of kits to detect circulatingHelicobacter pylori IgG antibodies.Gastroenterology 1991; 100: A123.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Westblom TU, Madan E, Gudipati S, Midkiff BR, Czinn SJ. Diagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection in adult and pediatric patients by using pyloriset, a rapid latex aggultnation test.J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 96–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Crabtree JE, Shallcross TM, Heatley RV, Wyatt JI. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for serodiagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection.J Clin Pathol 1991; 44: 326–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Hasuer B, Mehta DI, Vandenplas Y. Serology as a valid screening test forHelicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic subjects.Arch Pathol Laborat Med 1995; 119: 30–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sobala GM, Crabtree JE, Pentith JAet al. Screening dyspepsia by serology toHelicobacter pylori.Lancet 1991; 1: 94–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Crabtee JE, Mahony MJ, Taylor JD, Heatley RV, Littlewood JM, Tompkins DS. Immune responses toHelicobactr pylori in children with recurrent abdominal pain.J Clin Pathol 1991; 44:768–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Czinn SJ, Carr HS. Diagnosis of gastritis caused byHelicobacter pylori in children by means of and ELISA.Rev Inf Dis 1991; 13 (Suppl 8); 700–703.

    Google Scholar 

  90. De Koster E, Fannes F, Denis Pet al. A comparison of ELISA and immunoblot method’s based on two specific Helicobacterpylori antigens (abstract).Ir J Med Sci 1992; 161 (Suppl 10): 77.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux Net al. Childhood living conditions andHelicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life.Lancet 1992; 896–897.

  92. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Hasuer Bet al. Positive and negative titres of a new serologic test for the detection ofHelicobacter pylori.Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 631–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Hauser B, Vandenplas Y. Validation of a new serologic test for the detection ofHelicobacter pylori.Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1993; 56: 309–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Hauser B, Vandenplas Y. Diagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection in adults and children by using the Malakit Helicobacter pylori, a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:1770–1773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bickley J, Owen RJ, Fraser AG, Pounder RE. Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the urease C gene ofHelicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples and dental plaque.J Med Microbiol 1993; 39: 338–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kooistra-Smid AM, Schirm J, Snijder JA. Sensitivity of culture compared with that of polymerase chain reaction for detection ofHelicobacter pylori from antral biopsy samples.J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1918–1920.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Westblom TU, Phadnis S, Yang P, Czinn SJ. Diagnosis ofHelicobacter pylori infection by means of a polymerase chain reaction assay for gastric juice aspirates.Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 367–371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Nguyen AM, Engstrand L, Genta RM, Graham DY, el-Zaatari FA. Detection ofHelicobacter pylori in dental plaque by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 783–787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Mapstone NP, Lynch DA, Lewis FAet al. PCR Identification ofHelicobacter pylori in faeces from gastritis patients.Lancet 1993; 341:447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Blecker, U., Mehta, D.I. Diagnosis ofHelicobacter Pylori . Indian J Pediatr 64, 815–827 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02725504

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02725504

Key words

Navigation