Abstract
Self-organizing behaviour in cellular automata is discussed as a computational process. Formal language theory is used to extend dynamical systems theory descriptions of cellular automata. The sets of configurations generated after a finite number of time steps of cellular automaton evolution are shown to form regular languages. Many examples are given. The sizes of the minimal grammars for these languages provide measures of the complexities of the sets. This complexity is usually found to be non-decreasing with time. The limit sets generated by some classes of cellular automata correspond to regular languages. For other classes of cellular automata they appear to correspond to more complicated languages. Many properties of these sets are then formally non-computable. It is suggested that such undecidability is common in these and other dynamical systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wolfram, S.: Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Rev. Mod. Phys.55, 601 (1983)
Wolfram, S.: Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica10D, 1 (1984)
Packard, N.H.: Complexity of growing patterns in cellular automata, Institute for Advanced Study preprint (October 1983), and to be published in Dynamical behaviour of automata. Demongeot, J., Goles, E., Tchuente, M., (eds.). Academic Press (proceedings of a workshop held in Marseilles, September 1983)
Wolfram, S.: Cellular automata as models for complexity. Nature (to be published)
Wofram, S.: Cellular automata. Los Alamos Science, Fall 1983 issue
Beckman, F.S.: Mathematical foundations of programming. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1980
Hopcroft, J.E., Ullman, J.D.: Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1979
Minsky, M.: Computation: finite and infinite machines Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1967
Rozenberg, G., Salomaa, A. (eds.): L systems. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 15
Rozenberg, G., Salomaa, A.: The mathematical theory of L systems. New York: Academic Press 1980
Guckenheimer, J., Holmes, P.: Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems, and bifurcations of vector fields. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1983
Walters, P.: An introduction to ergodic theory. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1982
Weiss, B.: Subshifts of finite type and sofic systems. Monat. Math.17, 462 (1973); Coven, E.M., Paul, M.E.: Sofic systems. Israel J. Math.20 165 (1975)
Field, R.D., Wolfram, S.: A QCD model fore + e − annihilation. Nucl. Phys. B213, 65 (1983)
Smith, A.R.: Simple computation-universal cellular spaces. J. ACM18, 331 (1971)
Berlekamp, E.R., Conway, J.H., Guy, R.K.: Winning ways for your mathematical plays. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 2, Chap. 25
Lind, D.: Applications of ergodic theory and sofic systems to cellular automata. Physica10D, 36 (1984)
de Bruijn, N.G.: A combinatorial problem. Ned. Akad. Weten. Proc.49, 758 (1946);
Good, I.J.; Normal recurring decimals. J. Lond. Math. Soc.21, 167 (1946)
Nerode, A.: Linear automaton transformations. Proc. Am. Math. Soc.9, 541 (1958)
Cvetkovic, D., Doob, M., Sachs, H.: Spectra of graphs. New York: Academic Press 1980
Billingsley, P.: Ergodic theory and information. New York: Wiley 1965
Chomsky, N., Miller, G.A.: Finite state languages. Inform. Control1, 91 (1958)
Stewart, I.N., Tall, D.O.: Algebraic number theory. London: Chapman & Hall 1979
Lind, D.A.: The entropies of topological Markow shifts and a related class of algebraic integers. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems (to be published)
Milnor, J.: Unpublished notes (cited in [2])
Hedlund, G.A.: Endomorphisms and automorphisms of the shift dynamical system. Math. Syst. Theor.3, 320 (1969);
Hedlund, G.A.: Transformations commuting with the shift. In: Topological dynamics. Auslander, J., Gottschalk, W.H. (eds.). New York: Benjamin 1968
Amoroso, S., Patt, Y.N.: Decision procedures for surjectivity and injectivity of parallel maps for tessellation structures. J. Comp. Syst. Sci.6, 448 (1972)
Nasu, M.: Local maps inducing surjective global maps of one-dimensional tessellation automata. Math. Syst. Theor.11, 327 (1978)
Garey, M.R., Johnson, D.S.: Computers and intractability: a guide to the theory of NP-completeness. San Francisco: Freeman 1979, Sect. A10
Martin, O., Odlyzko, A.M., Wolfram, S.: Algebraic properties of cellular automata. Commun. Math. Phys.93, 219 (1984)
Hedlund, G.: Private communication
Manning, A.: Axiom A diffeomorphisms have rational zeta functions. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc.3, 215 (1971);
Coven, E., Paul, M.: Finite procedures for sofic systems. Monat. Math.83, 265 (1977)
Franks, J.: Private communication
Coven, E.: Private communication
Hurd, L.: Formal language characterizations of cellular automata limit sets (to be published)
Rosenfeld, A.: Picture languages. New York: Academic Press (1979)
Golze, U.: Differences between 1- and 2-dimensional cell spaces. In: Automata, Languages and Development, Lindenmayer, A., Rozenberg, G. (eds.). Amsterdam: North-Holland 1976
Yaku, T.: The constructibility of a configuration in a cellular automaton. J. Comput. System Sci.7, 481 (1983)
Grassberger, P.: Private communication
Grassberger, P.: A new mechanism for deterministic diffusion. Phys. Rev. A (to be published)
Chaos and diffusion in deterministic cellular automata. Physica10 D, 52 (1984)
Hillis, D., Hurd, L.: Private communications
Salomaa, A., Soittola, M.: Automata-theoretic aspects of formal power series. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1978
Kuich, W.: On the entropy of context-free languages. Inform. Cont.16, 173 (1970)
Chaitin, G.: Algorithmic information theory. IBM J. Res. Dev.21, 350 (1977)
Kaminger, F.P.: The non-computability of the channel capacity of context-sensitive languages. Inform. Cont.17, 175 (1970)
Smith, A.R.: Real-time language recognition by one-dimensional cellular automata. J. Comput. Syst. Sci.6, 233 (1972)
Sommerhalder, R., van Westrhenen, S.C.: Parallel language recognition in constant time by cellular automata. Acta Inform.19, 397 (1983)
Rogers, H.: Theory of recursive functions and effective computability. New York: McGraw-Hill 1967
Bennett, C.H.: On the logical “depth” of sequences and their reducibilities to random sequences. Inform. Control (to be published)
Conway, J.H.: Regular algebra and finite machines. London: Chapman & Hall 1971
Shannon, C.E.: Prediction and entropy of printed English. Bell Syst. Tech. J.30, 50 (1951)
Wolfram, S.: SMP reference manual. Computer Mathematics Group. Los Angeles: Inference Corporation 1983
Packard, N.H., Wolfram, S.: Two dimensional cellular automata. Institute for Advanced Study preprint, May 1984
Hopcroft, H.: Ann logn algorithm for minimizing states in a finite automaton. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Theory of Machines and Computations. New York: Academic Press 1971
Hurd, L.: Private communication
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by O. E. Lanford
Work supported in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under contract number N 00014-80-C-0657
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wolfram, S. Computation theory of cellular automata. Commun.Math. Phys. 96, 15–57 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01217347
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01217347