Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine juglone sensitivity of 16 species (Trifolium incarnatum, Coronilla varia, Vicia villosa, Lespedeza stipulacea, L. cuneata, Acer ginnala, Caragana arbor-escens, Elaegnus angustifolia, E. umbellata, Lonicera maackii, Quercus alba, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Alnus glutinosa, Pinus strobus, andP. sylvestris) being considered for mixed plantings withJugions nigra (black walnut). All species were sensitive to juglone, but seed germination and radicle elongation were less affected than shoot elongation and dry weight accumulation. Seed germination and radicle elongation were affected by juglone in 6 and 11 species, respectively, mainly by the higher concentrations (10−3 M and 10−4 M). Shoot elongation and dry weight accumulation of all species were affected by juglone; many species were sensitive to concentrations as low as 10−6 M. Seedlings of all species were severely wilted and eventually killed by 10−3 M juglone, and most were chlorotic and severely retarded by 10−4 M juglone. Seedlings inhibited by 10−6 M and 10−5 M juglone did not showany visible signs of injury. Based on the effects on seedling shoot elongation and dry weight accumulation, the five species found to be most sensitive to juglone were:Lonicera maackii, Lespedeza cuneata, Trifolium incarnatum, Alnus glutinosa, and Elaeagnus umbellata.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Association Of Official Seed Analysis. 1970. Rules for testing seeds.Proc. Assoc. Official Seed Analysts 60(2):1–116.
Brooks, M.G. 1951. Effects of black walnut trees and their products on other vegetation.West Virginia Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 347, 31 pp.
Davis, E.F. 1928. The toxic principle ofJugions nigra as identified with synthetic juglone and its toxic effects on tomato and alfalfa plants.Am. J. Bot. 15:620.
Fisher, R.F. 1978. Juglone inhibits pine growth under certain moisture regimes.J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 42:801–803.
Funk, D.T., Schlesinger, R.C., andPonder, F., Jr. 1979a. Autumn olive as a nurse plant for black walnut.Bot. Gaz. 140(Suppl):Sl10-S114.
Funk, D.T., Case, P.J., Rietveld, W.J., andPhares, R.E. 1979b. Effects of juglone on the growth of coniferous seedlings.For. Sci. 25:425–454.
Graves, C.H.,Hedin, P.A., andLanghans, V.E. 1979. A survey of juglone levels among pecan, hickory, and walnut, pp. 113–121,in Proc. 72nd Ann. Conv. Southeast. Growers Assoc., Hilton Head, South Carolina.
Gries, G.A. 1943. Juglone, the active agent in walnut toxicityNorth. Nut Grow.Assoc. Annu. Rep. 32:52–55.
Hoagland, D.R., andArnon, D.I. 1938. The water-culture method for growing plants without soil, pp. 461–487,in Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, Washington, DC.
International Seed Testing Assocation. 1976. International rules for seed testing.Seed Sci. Technol. 4:3–49, 51–177.
Lee, K.C., andCampbell, R.W. 1969. Nature and occurrence of juglone inJuglans nigra L.HortScience 4:297–298.
Perry, S.F. 1967. Inhibition of respiration by juglone inPhaseolus andLycopersicon.Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 94:26–30.
Rietveld, W. J. 1919. Ecological implications of allelopathy in forestry, pp. 90–112,in Harvey A. Holt, and Burnell C. Fischer (eds.). Proc. John S. Wright Forestry Conf., Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
Rietveld, W.J. 1981. The significance of allelopathy in black walnut cultural systems.North. Nut Grow. Assoc. Annu. Rep. 72:117–134.
Rietveld, W.J. 1982. A versatile apparatus for Static solution systems.HortScience. 17:583–585.
Schreiner, E.J. 1949. Can black walnut poison pines?Penn. Univ. Morris Arboretum Bull. 4:94–96.
Stowe, L.G. 1979. Allelopathy and its influence on the distribution of plants in an Illinois old field.J. Ecol. 67:1065–1085.
Thomson, R.H. 1971. Naturally Occurring Quinones, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York, pp. 271–272.
United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants of the United States.USDA, Agric. Handb. 450, 883 p.
Van Sambeek, J.W., andRietveld, W.J. 1981. Seeding forage legumes in black walnut plantations.Walnut Council Bull. 8(l):6–8.
Wiant, H.V., andRamirez, M.A. 1974. Don't plant white pine near walnut!Tree Planters' Notes 25(4):30.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time; it is therefore in the public domain.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rietveld, W.J. Allelopathic effects of juglone on germination and growth of several herbaceous and woody species. J Chem Ecol 9, 295–308 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988047
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988047
Key words
- Seed germination
- radicle elongation
- shoot elongation
- dry weight accumulation
- juglone
- Jugions nigra
- Trifolium incarnatum
- Coronilla varia
- Vicia villosa
- Lespedeza stipulacea
- L. cuneata
- Acer ginnala
- Caragana arborescens
- Elaeagnus angustifolia
- E. umbellata
- Lonicera maackii
- Quercus alba
- Fraxinus americana
- Liriodendron tulipifera
- Alnus glutinosa
- Pinus strobus
- P. sylvestris