Abstract
In this review, tropical seas are limited geographically by a minimum surface temperature of 22°C throughout the year. The relevant literature consists of nearly a hundred references, corresponding to about 45 stations or areas; most of these are neritic or subject to land mass or island mass effects; few studies have been made in both oceanic and neritic waters of the Pacific Ocean. In neritic waters, as a rule, an annual cycle of species composition and intensity of primary production is observed: seasonal variations are related to hydrography (currents, upwelling) or climate (winds, rains, monsoons); some cases reported are doubtful due to insufficient or only qualitative data; so far, not a single example can serve as a proof for the absence of an annual cycle. Oceanic data are much too meagre to allow a generalization to be drawn; seasonal, hydrographic, and climatic changes must often also be taken into account; in regions of permanent stratification, productivity can be expected to remain at a low and continuous level throughout the year, but direct evidence of this is still lacking. In temperate and cold waters, seasons are of world-wide significance due to changes in the relation between euphotic and mixing layers' depths, i.e., in availability of light and nutrients for phytoplankton growth; thus general models of annual cycles can be described. In tropical seas, on the other hand, seasons are only regional and ecological factors can act in opposite ways according to time and space, so that no world-wide picture can be worked out.
Résumé
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1.
Dans les limites ici assignées aux mers tropicales (température minimale annuelle ≥22°C), on peut actuellement recenser près d'une centaine de travaux — d'intérêt très inégal — traitant du cycle phytoplanctonique annuel. Les stations étudiées sont, dans la grande majorité, néritiques; autre disproportion géographique dans nos connaissances; l'océan Pacifique est, sous l'aspect considéré, le plus mal connu des océans.
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2.
Dans toutes les régions néritiques, la composition du phytoplancton et la production primaire sont affectées de variations saisonnières liées aux conditions hydrologiques (courants, upwellings) ou climatologiques (vents, pluies). Les cas douteux se trouvent être aussi les cas pour lesquels les données sont insuffisantes ou de nature seulement qualitative; aucun exemple sûr, du moins, de développement phytoplanctonique uniforme et continu au cours de l'année ne peut être cité. Rappelons d'autre part le caractère souvent saisonnier des phénomènes d' «eaux rouges» (sur ce très vaste sujet, voir par exemple le travail récent deRounsefell etNelson [1966] qui contient une abondante bibliographie).
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3.
En milieu océanique, où les informations sont très rares, il est plus prudent de distinguer trois cas: (1) l'océan Indien tropical est probablement, dans sa quasi-totalité, soumis à l'alternance saisonnière des moussons; (2) l'océan Pacifique n'offre pratiquement pas d'observations tangibles; (3) dans l'océan Atlantique, enfin, les stations étudiées sont seulement semiocéaniques (proximité relative du continent, ou possibilité d'un «island effect»), ou semi-tropicales (nordouest de la mer des Sargasses). On y observe un cycle annuel plus ou moins accusé, et plus ou moins nettement lié aux conditions hydrologiques, notamment à la profondeur de la thermocline. Des données fragmentaires laissent penser que, dans le sud de la mer des Sargasses, la production est «faible et continue» tout au long de l'année. Dans de telles zones, perpétuellement stratifiées, l'absence de cycle annuel est théoriquement possible (sous réserve qu'aucune modification hydrologique saisonnière ne survienne), mais cette possibilité n'a pas encore été expérimentalement démontrée.
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4.
Il apparaît impossible de définir un schéma général du cycle annuel du phytoplancton dans les mers tropicales, ce qui distingue fondamentalement celles-ci des mers tempérées et polaires. Dans ce dernier cas, en effet, les saisons biologiques revêtent une acception simple et applicable à l'océan mondial tout entier: mélange hivernal, stratification estivale, valeurs critiques de l'énergie lumineuse en hiver, appauvrissement en sels nutritifs en été ... Par contre, les «saisons» observées dans la zone intertropicale sont de caractère essentiellement régional, et leur déterminisme est essentiellement variable, les facteurs en cause étant plus nombreux et pouvant, selon le cas, exercer sur la production végétale des effets opposés. Toute «extrapolation» (cf. Introduction) et toute généralisation sont donc interdites.
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Sournia, A. Cycle annuel du phytoplancton et de la production primaire dans les mers tropicales. Mar. Biol. 3, 287–303 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00698859
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00698859