Skip to main content
Log in

Gas entrapment and evolution in prealloyed aluminium powders

  • Papers
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Part of a comprehensive research programme involving different aspects of degassing of powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminium alloys carried out in the P/M Group of the Delft University of Technology, is reported. The fundamental aspects of moisture and gas evolution during degassing of a porous billet are described in a semi-quantitative manner using a kinetic approach. During degassing of Al-20Si-X P/M alloys, at temperatures up to 550 °C, the partial pressures of moisture and hydrogen were within the range 10−4 to 10−7 mbar. The thermodynamics of gas desorption is mainly influenced by temperature which is the critical degassing parameter. It appears that the diffusion of aluminium through the oxide layer can explain, to a large extent, the kinetics of degassing of aluminium powders. A shift in the release of moisture and hydrogen towards higher temperatures is due to the presence of MgO in the surface layer, compared to the situation when only Al2O3 builds the oxide film. Thermodynamical data indicate that the reaction of magnesium with water vapour proceeds more intensely than that between aluminium and water vapour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. N. Kuroishi, Y. Odani and Y. Takeda, Metal Powder Report 40 (1985) 642.

    Google Scholar 

  2. T. Hirano, F. Ohmi, S. Horie, F. Kiyoto and T. Fujita, in “Proceedings on Rapidly Solidified Materials”, San Diego, February 1986, edited by P. W. Lee and R. S. Carbonara (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986) p. 327.

    Google Scholar 

  3. T. Hirano, T. Ui and F. Ohmi, in “Proceedings of the 31st International SAMPE Symposium, Los Angeles, California, 1986, edited by J. L. Bauer and R. Dunaetz (SAMPE, California, 1986) p. 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  4. K. Akechi, Y. Odani and N. Kuroishi, Sumitomo Electric Tech. Rev. 24 (January 1985) 191.

    Google Scholar 

  5. S. K. Das, Int. J. Powder Metall. 24 (1988) 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. T. G. Nieh, R. A. Rainen and D. J. Chellman, in “Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Composite Materials, San Diego, August 1985, edited by W. C. Harrigan Jr, J. Strife and A. K. Dhingra (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1985) p. 825.

    Google Scholar 

  7. V. Arnhold and K. Hummert, in “Proceedings on Dispersion Strengthened Aluminium Alloys”, Phoenix, January 1988, edited by Y-W. Kim and W. M. Griffith (TMS, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1988) p. 483.

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. F. Faure and L. Ackermann, ibidin, p 501.

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. A. Hawk, P. K. Mirchandani, R. C. Benn and H. G. F. Wilsdorf, ibid.in p. 517.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. J. Lewandowski, C. Liu and W. H. Hunt Jr, in ‘Proceedings on Processing and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Composites”, Denver, February 1987, edited by P. Kumar, K. Vedula and A. Ritter (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1988) p. 117.

    Google Scholar 

  11. H. J. Rack, ibid.in p. 155.

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. W. Mahoney, M. Kending, A. R. Murphy, M. R. Mitchell and A. K. Ghosh, in “Proceedings of International Conference on PM Aerospace Materials, Luzern, November 1987 (Metal Powder Report, Shrewsbury, 1988) Paper no. 33.

  13. I. Yamauchi, I. Ohnaka, S. Kawamoto and T. Fukusako, Trans. Jpn Inst. Metals 27 (1986) 195.

    Google Scholar 

  14. J. L. Estrada, J. Duszczyk and R. Yoshimura, in “Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Metrology, Automatization, Fine Mechanics, New Materials-Mikronika '87”, Warsaw, November 1987, edited by L. Kudla and J. Lemanowicz (SIMP, Warsaw, 1987) p. 206.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. L. Estrada, J. Duszczyk, B. M. Korevaar and R. Yoshimura, in “Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Science and Technology of Sintering”, Tokyo, November 1987, edited by S. Somiya, M. Shimida, M. Yoshimura and R. Watanabe (Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1988) p. 581.

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. Duszczyk and J. L. Estrada, in “Proceedings of the Australian Bicentennial International Congress in Mechanical Engineering — New Materials and Processes for Mechanical Design”, Brisbane, May 1988 (Institution of Engineers, Australia, 1988) Publication no. 88/4, p. 96.

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. I. Litvintsev and L. A. Arbuzova, Sov. P/M Met. Cer. 1 (1967) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  18. F. J. Gurney, D. J. Abson and V. Dé Pierre, Powder Metall. 17 (33) (1974) 46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. P. Lyle and W. S. Cebulak, Met. Trans. 6A (1975) 685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. P. H. A. Durand, R. M. Pelloux and N. J. Grant, Mater. Sci. Engng. 23 (1976) 247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. W. S. Cebulak, in “Proceedings of the International Conference on Rapid Solidification Processing”, Reston, November 1977, edited by R. Mehrabian, B. H. Kear and M. Cohen (Claitor's, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1978) p. 324.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. R. Pickens, J. Mater. Sci. 16 (1981) 1437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. O. Hunderi and T. Save, Scand. J. Metall. 10 (1981) 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J. T. Morgan, H. L. Gegel, S. M. Doraivelu, L. E. Matson, I. A. Martorell and J. F. Thomas Jr, in “Proceedings on High Strength Powder Metallurgy Aluminium Alloys”, Dallas, February 1982, edited by M. J. Koczak and G. J. Hildeman (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1982) p. 193.

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. A. Phillips, ibid.in p. 391.

    Google Scholar 

  26. R. Yearim and D. Shechtman, Met. Trans. 13A (1982) 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  27. F. H. Froes and J. R. Pickens, J. Metals 36 (January 1984) 14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. P. D. Liddiard, Powder Metall. 27 (1984) 193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. J. Skinner and K. Okazaki, Scripta Metall. 18 (1984) 905.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y-W. Kim, W. M. Griffith and F. H. Froes, ASM Metals/Materials Technology Series, No. 8305-48 (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1984) p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. Staniek, Aluminium, 60 (12) (1984) 3.

    Google Scholar 

  32. L. Ackermann, I. Guillemin, R. Lalauze and C. Pijolat, in “High strength powder metallurgy aluminium alloys”, AIME Conference, Toronto, October 1985 (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1986) p. 175.

    Google Scholar 

  33. S. D. Kirchoff, J. Y. Adkins, W. M. Griffith and I. A. Martorell, in “Proceedings on Rapidly Solidified Powder Aluminium Alloys”, Philadelphia, April 1984, edited by M. E. Fine and E. A. Starke Jr (ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1986) p. 354.

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. Meunier, ibid.in p. 260.

    Google Scholar 

  35. W. M. Griffith, Y-W. Kim and F. H. Froes, ibid.in p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Y-W. Kim and W. M. Griffith, ibid.in p. 485.

    Google Scholar 

  37. D. Raybould and C. F. Cline, in “Proceedings on Rapidly Solidified Crystalline Alloys”, Morristown, May 1985, edited by S. K. Das, B. H. Kear and C. M. Adam (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1985) p. 111.

    Google Scholar 

  38. O. Botstein, E. Y. Gutmanas and A. Lawley, Prog. Powder Metall. 41 (1985) 123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. P. R. Bridenbaugh, W. S. Cebulak, F. R. Billman and G. H. Hildeman, Light Metal Age (October 1985) 18.

  40. Y-W. Kim, W. M. Griffith and F. H. Froes, J. Metals 37 (1985) 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. V. A. Phillips, Metallogr. 19 (1986) 265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. C. Le Flour, E. Andrieu and Y. Bienvenu, in “Proceedings of the International Powder Metallurgy Conference The Future of Powder Metallurgy P/M 86”, Düsseldorf, July 1986, edited by W. A. Kayser and W. J. Hupmann (Verlag Schmid, Freiburg, 1986) p. 759.

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. J. Couper and R. F. Singer, in “Proceedings on Processing of Structural Metals by Rapid Solidification”, Orlando, October 1986, edited by F. H. Froes and S. J. Savage (ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986) p. 273.

    Google Scholar 

  44. R. L. Bye, N. J. Kim, D. J. Skinner, D. Raybould and A. M. Brown, ibid.in p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  45. S. D. Kirchoff and Y-W. Kim, ibid.in p. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Y-W. Kim and F. H. Froes, ibid.in p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  47. G. H. Narayanan, W. H. Graham, W. E. Quist, A. L. Wingert and T. M. Ronald, ibid.in p. 321.

    Google Scholar 

  48. M. P. Thomas, I. G. Palmer and C. Baker, ibid.in p. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  49. O. Botstein, E. Y. Gutmanas and D. Zak, ibid.in p. 961.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Y-W. Kim, in “Progress in Powder Metallurgy”, Vol. 43 (MPIF, Princeton, NJ, 1987) p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. D. Schelleng, in “Proceedings of International Conference on PM Aerospace Materials”, Luzern, November 1987 (Metal Powder Report, Shrewsbury, 1988) Paper 23.

  52. H C. Angus and G. R. D. Shrimpton, ibid. Paper 24.

  53. J. Becker, G. Fischer, R. Furlan and W. Keinath, ibid. Paper 25.

  54. M. J. Couper, M. Nauer, R. Baumann and R. F. Singer, ibid. Paper 28.

  55. M. W. Kearns, B. W. H. Lowe, C. B. Baliga, P. Tsakiropoulos and R. W. Gardiner, ibid. Paper 30.

  56. H. Schlich, M. Thumann and G. Wirth, ibid. Paper 31.

  57. P. Joly, P. Lasne, C. Levaillant and P. Bauduin, ibid. Paper 32.

  58. K. Wefers and F. A. Mozelewski, Aluminium 64 (3) (1988) 295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Y-W. Kim, in “Proceedings of the six-session on Dispersion Strengthened Aluminium Alloys”, Phoenix, January 1988, edited by Y-W. Kim and W. M. Griffith (TMS, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1988) p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  60. D. Raybould, ibid.in p. 199.

    Google Scholar 

  61. I. G. Palmer, M. P. Thomas and G. J. Marshall, ibid.in p. 217.

    Google Scholar 

  62. G. M. Pharr, M. S. Zedalis, D. J. Skinner and P. S. Gilman, ibid.in p. 309.

    Google Scholar 

  63. S. F. Claeys, J. W. Jones and J. E. Allison, ibid.in p. 323.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Y-W. Kim and F. H. Froes, Aluminium 64 (10) (1988) 1035.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. V. Chiavazza, M. Pijolat and R. Lalauze, J. Mater. Sci. 23 (1988) 2960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. M. Pijolat, V. Chiavazza and R. Lalauze, Appl. Surf. Sci. 31 (1988) 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. C. Ehrstrom, E. Andrieu and A. Pineau, Scripta Metall. 23 (1989) 1397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. J. L. Estrada and J. Duszczyk, J. Mater. Sci. 25 (1990) 886.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. J. L. Estrada and J. Duszczyk, ibid. 25 (1990) 1381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. A. Lawley, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 8 (1978) 49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Idem, J. Metals 33 (January 1981) 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. A. Lawley and R. D. Doherty, in “Proceedings on Rapidly Solidified Crystalline Alloys”, Morristown, May 1985, edited by S. K. Das, B. H. Kear and C. M. Adam (The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1985) p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  73. N. J. Grant, in “Industrial Materials Science and Engineering”, edited by L. E. Murr (Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel, 1984) p. 251.

    Google Scholar 

  74. R. M. German, Powder Metallurgy Science (Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984) p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. B. See and G. H. Johnston, Powder Metall. 21 (1978) 119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. N. Dombrowski and W. R. Johns, Chem. Engng. Sci. 18 (1963) 203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. Duszczyk, J. L. Estrada, L. Buekenhout and R. Yoshimura, in “Proceedings of International Conference on Hot Isostatic Pressing of Materials: Applications and Developments”, Antwerp, April 1988 (The Royal Flemish Society of Engineers, Antwerp, 1088) p. 265.

    Google Scholar 

  78. C. E. Ransley and H. Neufeld, J. Inst. Metals 74 (1948) 599.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. C. E. Ransley, D. E. Talbot and H. C. Barlow, ibid. 86 (1957–58) 212.

    Google Scholar 

  80. K. J. Brondyke and P. D. Hess, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 230 (1964) 1542.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. P. D. Hess, J. Metals 25 (October 1973) 46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. K. Alker, Giésserei 61 (23) (1974) 693.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. A. Choudhury and M. Lorke, Aluminium 65 (5) (1989) 462.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. H. Breggeman, Gietwerk Perspektief, 6 (5) (September/October 1986) 30.

    Google Scholar 

  85. W. Eichenauer, K. Hattenbach and A. Pebler, Z. Metallkde 52 (1961) 682.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. W. R. Opie and N. J. Grant, Trans. AIME 188 (1950) 12137.

    Google Scholar 

  87. E. Fromm and E. Gebhardt, “Gase und Kohlenstoff in Metallen” (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  88. H. Jehn, ibid.“ p. 268.

    Google Scholar 

  89. G. Hörz, ibid.“ p. 84.

    Google Scholar 

  90. K. Wefers and Ch. Misra, in “Oxides and Hydroxides of Aluminium”, Alcoa Technical Paper no. 19, Alcoa Laboratories, pp. 36, 47.

  91. L. K. Hudson, in “Production of Aluminium and Alumina” (Wiley, Chichester, 1987) p. 32.

    Google Scholar 

  92. M. Vogel, in “Nichtmetalle in Metallen”, Münster, 1986, edited by D. Hirschfeld (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Metallkunde, Oberursel, 1987) p. 197.

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. L. Estrada and J. Duszczyk, unpublished research, Delft University of Technology.

  94. J. Duszczyk, J. L. Estrada, B. M. Korevaar, Z. Fang, T. L. J. de Haan and P. Colijn, Technical Report for Showa Denko K.K., October 1987 (Japan), Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  95. I. Barin and O. Knacke, Thermochemical properties of inorganic substances (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973) pp. 11, 32, 34, 35, 316, 323, 433, 441, 584.

    Google Scholar 

  96. O. Kubaschewski and C. B. Alcock, Metallurgical Thermochemistry, 5th Edn (Pergamon Press, London, 1979) p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  97. J. J. Moore, E. A. Boyce, M. J. Brooks, B. Perry and P. J. Sheridan, Chemical Metallurgy (Butterworths, London, Boston, 1981) p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  98. T. S. Lundy and J. F. Murdock, J. Appl. Phys. 33 (1962) 1671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Estrada, J.L., Duszczyk, J. & Korevaar, B.M. Gas entrapment and evolution in prealloyed aluminium powders. J Mater Sci 26, 1431–1442 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544650

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00544650

Keywords

Navigation