Abstract
The use of ozone as an oxidative supplement to biological filtration and to control epizootic microbial outbreaks coincident with maintaining a biological filter was investigated in a 2,271-1 (600 gallon) closed marine-water system. Under conditions of a relatively large biomass load (1.82 kg/3801), filter-bed effluent levels of total ammonia (0.135±0.01 ppm), un-ionized ammonia (0.0074±0.0006 ppm) and nitrite (0.17±0.01 ppm) were maintained within acceptable limits. Reservoir ozonation (100 mg/h/380 l) further significantly reduced (P<0.005) these levels. Nitrates were significantly elevated (P<0.005) with ozonation. Cessation of ozonation elevated total ammonia, un-ionized ammonia and nitrite levels above acceptable limits within 24 h. Resuming ozonation rapidly reversed this trend. Ozone reduced the microbial content of the culture water. Ozonation is suggested as a means of maintaining oxidative flexibility when used as a supplement to biological filtration. Further, prevention of epizootic microbial outbreaks may be accomplished without danger to the biological filter provided a proper system design is utilized.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Atz, J.W.: Some principles and practices of water management for marine aquariums. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 63, 3–16 (1964)
Brockway, D.R.: Metabolic products and their effects. Progve Fish Cult. 12, 127–129 (1950)
Burrows, R.E.: Effects of accumulated excretory products on hatchery-reared salmonids. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl. Rep. 66, 1–11 (1964)
Cronwell, W.E. and T.C. Manley: Effect of gaseous diluents on energy yield of ozone generation from oxygen. Adv. Chem. Ser. 21, 304–312 (1959)
Downing, K.M. and J.C. Merkens: The influence of dissolved-oxygen concentration on the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson). Ann. appl. Biol. 43, 243–246 (1955)
Eagleton, L. and E. Herald: Ultraviolet sterilization for marine aquaria. Salt Wat. Aquar. 4, 158–164 (1968)
Evans, F.L.: Ozone technology: current status. In: Ozone in water and wastewater treatment, pp 1–13. Ed. by F.L. Evans. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 1972
Goldizen, V.C.: Management of closed-system marine aquariums. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 20, 637–641 (1970)
Grindley, J.: Toxicity to rainbow trout and minnows of some substances known to be present in waste water discharged to rivers. Ann. appl. Biol. 33, 103–112 (1946)
Hirayama, K.: Studies on water control by filtration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed circulating system. — IV. Rate of pollution of water by fish, and the possible number and weight of fish kept in an aquarium. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 32, 20–27 (1966a)
—: Influence of nitrate accumulated in culturing water on Octopus vulgaris. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 32, 105–111 (1966b)
—: Studies on water control by filtration through sand bed in a marine aquarium with closed circulating system. — VI. Acidification of aquarium water. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 36, 26–34 (1970)
Honn, K.V. and W. Chavin: Prototype design for a closed marine system employing quaternary water processing. Mar. Biol. 31, 293–298 (1975)
Inoue, E. and K. Sugino: Inhibiting action of hydrocarbons on ozone formation by silent electrical discharge. Adv. Chem. Ser. 21, 313–316 (1959)
Kawai, A., Y. Yoshida and M. Kimata: Biochemical studies on the bacteria in aquarium with circulating system. — I. Changes of the qualities of breeding water and bacterial population of the aquarium during fish cultivation: Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 30, 55–62 (1964)
—: Biochemical studies on the bacteria in the aquarium with a circulating system. — II. Nitrifying activity of the filter-sand. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 31, 65–71 (1965)
Kawamoto, N.Y.: The influence of excretory substances of fishes on their own growth. Progve Fish Cult. 23, 70–75 (1961)
Kelley, W.E. and J. Smith: Culture system. U.S. Patent No. 3,387,587 (1968)
King, J.M. and S. Spotte: Marine aquariums in the research laboratory, 39 pp. Ohio: Aquarium System Inc. 1974
Kinman, R.N.: Ozone in water disinfection. In: Ozone in water and wastewater treatment, pp 123–143. Ed by F.L. Evans, Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 1972
Kirk, B.S., R. McNabney and C.S. Wynn: Pilot plant studies of tertiary wastewater treatment with ozone. In: Ozone in water and wastewater treatment, pp 61–82. Ed. by F.L. Evans. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 1972
Layton, R.F.: Analytical methods for ozone in water and wastewater applications. In: Ozone in water and wastewater treatment, pp 15–28. Ed. by F. L. Evans. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 1972
Lloyd, R.: The toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson). Wat. Waste Treat. J. 8, 278–279 (1961)
—: and D.W.M. Herbert: The influence of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson). Ann. appl. Biol. 48, 399–404 (1960)
MacLean, S.A., A.C. Longwell and W.J. Blogoslawski: Effects of ozone-treated seawater on the spawned, fertilized, meiotic, and cleaving eggs of the commercial American oyster. Mutation Res. 21, 282–285 (1973)
Merkens, J.C. and K.M. Downing: The effect of tension of dissolved oxygen on the toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to several species of fish. Ann. appl. Biol. 45, 521–527 (1957)
Miklosz, J.C.: Biological filtration. Mar. Aquarist 1, 22–29 (1970)
Miller, S., B. Burkhardt and R. Ehrlich: Dis-infection and sterilization of sewage by ozone. Adv. Chem. Ser. 21, 381–387 (1959)
Oliver, J.H.: The chemical composition of the seawater in the aquarium. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 129, 137–145 (1957)
Papko, S.I.: Action of certain heterogenous catalysts on the oxidation of ammonia in aqueous solution by ozonized oxygen. J. appl. Chem. USSR 30, 1361–1367 (1957)
Patrick R., J. Cairns and A. Scheier: The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and fish to twenty common constituents of industrial wastes. Progve Fish Cult. 30, 137–140 (1968)
Saeki, A.: Studies on fish culture in filtered closed-circulation aquaria. Fundamental theory and system design standards. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish. 23, 684–695 (1958)
Sanders, J.E., J.L. Fryer, D.A. Leith and K.D. Moore: Control of the infectious protozoan Ceratomyxa shasta by treating hatchery water supplies. Progve Fish. Cult. 34, 13–17 (1972)
Shelbourne, J.E.: Experimental sea-water systems for rearing fish larvae. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 63, 81–93 (1964)
— The artificial propagation of marine fish, 83 pp. Jersey City: T.F.H. Publication, Inc. 1971
Siddall, S.E.: Studies of closed marine culture systems. Progve Fish. Cult. 36, 8–15 (1974)
Sigel, M.M., G. Ortiz-Muniz and R.B. Shouger: Toxic effect of ammonia dissolved in sea water. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 42B, 261–262 (1972)
Spotte, S.: Fish and invertebrate culture. Water management in closed systems, 145 pp. New York: Wiley-Interscience 1970
—: Marine aquarium keeping: the science, animals and art, 171 pp. New York: Wiley-Interscience 1973
—: Aquarium techniques: closed-system marine aquariums. In: Experimental marine biology, pp 1–19. Ed. by R.N. Mariscal. New York: Academic Press 1974
Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons: A manual of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 167, 1–311 (1968)
Trama, F.B.: The acute toxicity of some common salts of sodium, potassium and calcium to the common bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque). Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 106, 185–205 (1954)
Trussell, R.P.: the percent un-ionized ammonia in aqueous ammonia solutions at different pH levels and temperatures. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can. 29, 1505–1507 (1972)
Venosa, A.D.: Ozone as a water and wastewater disinfectant: a literature review. In: Ozone in water and wastewater treatment, pp 83–100. Ed. by F.L. Evans. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 1972
Warren, K.S.: Ammonia toxicity and pH. Nature, Lond. 195, 47–49 (1962)
Water Research Centre: Fish and water-quality criteria. Notes Wat. Pollut. 65, 1–4 (1974)
Wilson, R.P., R.O. Anderson and R.A. Bloomfield: Ammonia toxicity in selected fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 107–118 (1969)
Winget, R.R., D. Maurer and L. Anderson: The feasibility of closed system mariculture: preliminary experiments with crab molting. Proc. natn. Shellfish. Ass. 63, 88–92 (1973)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by M.R. Tripp, Newark
Contribution No. 342, Department of Biology.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Honn, K.V., Chavin, W. Utility of ozone treatment in the maintenance of water quality in a closed marine system. Marine Biology 34, 201–209 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388796
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388796