Abstract
Observations on the effects of several environmental conditions in embryonic and larval cultures are reported for the gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus (Sowerby, 1833). When the growth rates of control embryos kept in finger bowls at ambient-temperature sea water (ca. 12°–15°C) were compared to those of embryos grown under variously modified circumstances, it was found that growth rates were faster under conditions closely simulating the adult barnacle mantle-cavity (e.g. darkness and aeration). Addition of antimicrobial drugs and reduction of egg-mass size also promoted fast growth and development. Nauplii were fed several species of algae; only three species promoted growth to Stage V or older. Naupliar growth was fastest in larvae fed the combination of Prorocentrum micans/Platymonas sp. Larvae fed Prococentrum micans/pennate diatom grew slowest, and most larvae died at Naupliar Stage III. Interactions between algal species may have affected their nutritional value for Pollicipes polymerus nauplii. Less larval activity, slower growth rates, and higher mortality rates were observed in individuals given small amounts of food. The development of embryos and larvae in culture depends greatly on the culture conditions. These conditions should be described if comparison of timetables and envents are to be made between studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Anderson, D.T.: Embryonic and larval development and segment formation in Ibla quadrivalvis Cuv. (Cirripedia). Aust. J. Zool. 13, 1–15 (1965)
—: Embryology and phylogeny in annelids and arthropods, 495 pp. New York: Pergamon Press 1973
Barnes, H.: Processes of restoration and synchronization in marine ecology. The spring diatom increase and the “spawning” of the common barnacle Balanus balanoides (L.). Année biol. 33, 67–85 (1957)
— and M. Barnes: The effect of temperature on the oxygen uptake and rate of development of the egg masses of two common cirripedes, Balanus balanoides (L.) and Pollicipes polymerus J.B. Sowerby. Kieler Meeresforsch. 15, 242–251 (1959)
Batham, E.J.: Pollicipes spinosus. Quoy and Gaimard, II: Embryonic and larval development. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 75, 405–418 (1946)
Blom, S.-E.: Balanus improvisus Darwin on the west coast of Sweden. Zool. Bidr. Upps. 37, 59–76 (1965)
Bookhout, C.G. and J.D. Costlow, Jr.: Feeding, molting and growth in barnacles. In: Marine boring and fouling organisms, pp 212–225. Ed. by D.L. Ray. Seattle: University of Washington Press 1959
Costlow, J.D., Jr. and C.G. Bookhout: Larval development of Balanus eburneus in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 112, 313–324 (1957)
——: Larval development of Balanus amphitrite var. denticulata Broch reared in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 114, 284–295 (1958)
Crisp, D.J.: The rate of development of Balanus balanoides (L.) embryos in vitro. J. Anim. Ecol. 28, 119–132 (1959)
—: The larval stages of Balanus hameri (Ascanius, 1767). Crustaceana, 4, 123–130 (1962)
— and J.D. Costlow, Jr.: The tolerance of developing cirripede embryos to salinity and temperature. Oikos 14, 22–34 (1963)
— and P.A. Davies: Observations in vivo on the breeding of Elminius modestus grown on glass slides. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 34, 357–380 (1955)
Freiberger, A. and C.P. Cologer: Rearing acorn barnacles in the laboratory for marine fouling studies. J. Am. Soc. nav. Engrs 78, 881–890 (1966)
Guillard, R.R. and J.H. Ryther: Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. Can. J. Microbiol. 8, 229–239 (1962)
Hilgard, G.H.: A study of reproduction in the intertidal barnacle Mitella polymerus in Monterey Bay, California. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 119, 169–188 (1960)
Hirano, R.: Mass rearing of barnacle larvae. Bull. biol. Stn Asamushi 11, 77–80 (1962)
Jones, L.W. and D.J. Crisp: The larval stages of the barnacle Balanus improvisus Darwin. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 123, 765–780 (1954)
Karande, A.A.: Larval development of the barnacle Tetraclitella karandei reared in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole 146, 249–257 (1974)
Knight-Jones, E.W. and G.D. Waugh: On the larval development of Elminius modestus Darwin. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 28, 413–428 (1949)
Lewis, C.A.: Development of the gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus (Cirripedia: Lepadomorpha): fertilization through settlement. Mar. Biol. 32, 141–152 (1975)
Loosanoff, V.L., H.C. Davis and P.E. Chanley: Behavior of clam larvae in different concentrations of food organisms. Anat. Rec. 117, 586–587 (1953)
Molenock, J. and E.D. Gomez: Larval stages and settlement of the barnacle Balanus (Conopea) galeatus (L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica). Crustaceana 23, 100–108 (1972)
Moyse, J.: The larval stages of Acasta spongites and Purgoma anglicum (Cirripedia). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 137, 371–392 (1961)
—: A comparison of the value of various flagel lates and diatoms as food for barnacle larvae. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer 28, 175–187 (1963)
Norris, E. and D.J. Crisp: The distribution and planktonic stages of the cirripede Balanus perforatus (Bruguière). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 123, 393–409 (1953)
Nussbaum, M.: Anatomische Studien an Californischen Cirripedien, 97 pp. Bonn, Germany: M. Cohen & Sohn 1890
Patel, B.: The influence of temperature on the reproduction and molting of Lepas anatifera L. under laboratory conditions. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 38, 589–597 (1959)
— and D.J. Crisp: Rates of development of the embryos of several species of barnacles. Physiol. Zoöl. 33, 104–119 (1960)
Sandison, E.E.: The naupliar stages of Balanus pallidus stutsburi Darwin and Chthamalus aestuarii Stubbings (Cirripedia Thoracica). Crustaceana 13, 161–174 (1967)
Snodgrass, J.B.: Studies on the larval stages of the barnacles Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854, Balanus tintinnabulum (Linneus, 1758), Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry, 1916, and Pollicipes polymerus (Sowerby, 1833). Final papers, Hopkins Marine Station, Unpublished 1967
Tighe-Ford, D.J., M.J. Power and D.C. Vaile: Laboratory rearing of barnacle larvae for antifouling research. Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. 20, 393–405 (1970)
Williams, E.J.: Regression analysis, 214 pp. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1959
Wisely, B.: Experiments on rearing the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin to the settling stage in the laboratory. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 11, 42–54 (1960)
Yasugi, R.: On the swimming larvae of Mitella mitella L. Botany Zool., Tokyo 5, 792–796 (1937)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by M.R. Tripp, Newark
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lewis, C.A. Some observations of factors affecting embryonic and larval growth of Pollicipes polymerus (Cirripedia: Lepadomorpha) in vitro . Mar. Biol. 32, 127–139 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388506
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00388506