Abstract
The bathymetric distribution of chaetognath fauna observed at planktonic stations in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean during three different expeditions, is presented quantitatively. The material from the cruises IFOP-01 (October–December, 1964) and IFOP-04 (November–December, 1965) was collected by vertical closing net, at regular intervals, from 2000 and 1000 m depth, respectively; the R.V. “A. Bruun” Cruise 13 data include vertical samples at usual depth intervals from 3000 m (see Table 12), Isaac-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) and surface collections. They allowed us to identify, for the first time, the meso and bathypelagic species of this region and to extend the longitudinal distribution of the epipelagic species, which had been previously limited to the coastal areas. Among the epiplanktonic species, it was shown that two, Sagitta serratodentata and S. bipunctata, do not penetrate into the Peru Coastal Current region, where the endemic S. bierri is to be found extending westwards to the west boundary of the Peru Coastal Current, and that both mesopelagic species, previously reported for the epipelagic level of this area, S. decipiens and Eukrohnia hamata, inhabit the upper mesopelagic level in the oceanic region, but also rise to the epipelagic level near the coast, where upwellings do occur. The lower mesopelagic levels (500 to 1000 m) are occupied by E. fowleri and S. macrocephala, this latter species being reported for the first time in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean. The other mesopelagic species, S. zetesios and S. bathypelagica, also found for the first time in this region, were not found in large enough numbers to obtain a correct view of their stratification. Eukrohnia bathyantarctica, described for the Southern Ocean and previously reported only in the bathypelagic levels of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, was found at only bathypelagic levels. The faunistic data from the R.V. “A. Bruun” Cruise 13, were compared with the corresponding hydrographical profiles.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Alvariño, A.: Two new Pacific chaetognaths, their distribution and relationship to allied species. Bull. Scripps Instn oceanogr. 8, (1), 1–50 (1962).
— Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths. Pacif. Sci. 18 (1), 64–82 (1964).
— Chaetognaths. Oceanogr. mar. Biol. A. Rev. 3, 115–194 (1965).
— Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths, Siphonophorae, Medusae and Ctenophorae off San Diego, California. Pacific Sci. 21 (4), 474–485 (1967a).
— The chaetognaths of the NAGA Expedition (1959–1961) in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Pt 1. Systematics. Naga Rep. 4 (2), 1–195 (1967b).
Bieri, R.: The chaetognath fauna off Peru in 1941. Pacif. Sci. 11 (3), 255–264 (1957).
Burfield, S. T. and J. W. Harvey: The chaetognatha of the Sealark Expedition. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2nd. Ser., Zool.) 19 (1), 93–119 (1926).
Bussing, W. A.: Studies of the midwater fishes of the Peru-Chile Trench. Antarct. Res. Ser. (American Geophysical Union) 5, 185–227 (1965).
Campodonico, I.: Resultados volumétricos del zooplancton colectado frente a Chile por differentes expediciones by análisis cualitativo parcial. Tesis. (In preparation).
Craddock, J. E. and G. W. Mead: Midwater fishes from the Eastern South Pacific Ocean. Anton Bruun Rep. scient. Res. SE Pacif. Exped. 3, 3–46 (1970).
David, P.: The distribution of Sagitta gazellae Ritter-Zahony. ‘Discovery’ Rep. 27, 235–278 (1955).
— The distribution of the chaetognatha of the Southern Ocean. ‘Discovery’ Rep. 29, 199–228 (1958a).
— A new species of Eukrohnia from the Southern Ocean with a note on fertilization. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 131 (4), 597–606 (1958b).
— Biogeography and ecology in Antarctica. Monographiae biol. 15, 296–323 (1965).
Dawson, J. K.: Chaetognaths from the Arctic Basin, including the description of a new species of Heterokrohnia. Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 67, (2), 112–124 (1968).
Ducret, F.: Les espèces du genre Eukrohnia dans les eaux équatoriales et tropicales africaines. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. sér Océanogr. 3 (2), 63–73 (1965).
— Chaetognathes des campagnes de l“Ombango” dans les eaux équatoriales et tropicales africaines. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. sér. Océanogr, 6 (1), 95–141 (1968).
Fagetti, E.: Quetognato nuevo procedente del archipiélago de Juan Fernández. Rev. Biol. mar., Valparaíso 8, 125–131 (1958a).
— Investigaciones sobre quetognatos colectados especialmente frente a la costa central y norte de Chile. Rev. Biol. mar., Valparaíso 8, 25–82 (1958b).
— Nueva contribución al estudio de los quetognatos de la costa central y norte de Chile. Actas y trabajos I Congreso Sud-Americano de Zoología 2, 127–135 (1959).
— New record of Eukrohnia bathyantarctica David 1958, from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Bull. mar. Sci. 18, (2), 383–387 (1968a).
— Quetognatos de la expedición “Marchile I” con observaciones acerca del posible valor de algunas especies como indicadoras de las masas de agua frente a Chile. Rev. Biol. mar., Valparaíso 13 (2), 85–171 (1968b).
— Nueva localidad para dos especies de moluscos heteropodos, Pterotrachea scutata Gengenbauer 1855 y Cardiapoda richardi Vayssiére 1904, encontrados por primera vez en el Pacífico Sur Oriental frente a Chile. Rev. Biol. mar., Valparíso 13 (3) 287–291 (1968c).
Fowler, G. H.: Biskayan plankton collected during a cruise of H.M.S. Research, 1900. Part 3. The chaetognatha. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 10 (2), 55–87 (1905)
— The chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped. 21, 1–86 (1906).
Fraser, J. H.: The chaetognatha and other zooplankton of the Scottish area and their value as biological indicators of hydrographical conditions. Mar. Res. 2, 1–52 (1952).
Furnestin, M. L.: Pêches planctoniques, superficielles et profondes, en Méditerranée occidentale. (Campagne de la “Thalassa” — janvier 1961 — entre les îles Baléares; la Sardaigne et l'Algérie). III. Chaetognathes. Revue Trav. Inst. (scient. tech.) Pêch. marit. 26, 357–368 (1962).
— et F. Ducret: Eukrohnia proboscidea, nouvelle espèce de chaetognathe. Revue Trav. Inst. (scient. techn.) Pêch. marit. 29, (3), 271–273 (1965).
Furuhashi, K.: On the distribution of chaetognaths in the waters off the South eastern coast of Japan. Publs Seto mar. biol. Lab. 9, 17–30 (1961).
Geiger, S. R.: Biological oceanography in the Antarctic: Eltanin cruises 4 to 13. Polar Rec. 13 (82), 29–36 (1966).
Grice, G. and K. Hulsemann: Abundance, vertical distribution and texonomy of calanoid copepods at selected stations in the northeast Atlantic. J. Zool., London 146, 213–262 (1965).
—: Calanoid copepods from midwater trawl collections made in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean. Pacif. Sci. 12 (3), 322–355 (1968).
Gunther, E. R.: A report on oceanographical investigations in the Peru Coastal Current. ‘Discovery’ Rep. 13, 107–276 (1936).
Hardy, A. C. and E. R. Gunther: The plankton of the South Georgia whaling ground and adjacent waters,1926–1927. ‘Discovery’ Rep. 11, 1–456 (1935).
Heydorn, A. E. F.: The chaetognaths off the west coast of the Union of South Africa. Invest. Rep. Fish. mar. biol. Surv. Un. S. Afr. 36, 4–56 (1959).
Huntsman, A. G.: Some quantitative and qualitative plankton studies of the eastern Canadian plankton. 3. A special study of the Canadian chaetognatha, their distribution, etc. in the waters of the eastern coast. In:Canadian Fisheries Expedition 1914–15, pp 421–485. Ed. by J. Hjort. Ottawa: Dept. of Naval Services 1919.
Kitou, M.: A new species of Sagitta (chaetognatha) collected off the Izu Peninsula. Mer, Tokyo 4 (4), 238–240 (1966a).
—: Chaetognaths collected on the fifth cruise of the Japanese Expedition of deep seas. Mer, Tokyo 4 (3), 169–177 (1966b).
—: Chaetognatha collected on the eighth cruise of the Japanese Expedition of deep seas. Mer, Tokyo 4 (3), 127–130 (1967).
Marumo, R. and M. Kitou: A new species of Heterokrohnia (Chaetognatha) from the Western North Pacific. Mer, Tokyo 4 (3), 178–183 (1966).
Matsudaira, Y. and K. Furuhashi: Notes on some animal plankton collected from the deep layers of the Pacific waters off Southern Japan. [In Japanese]. Umi Sora 31, 11–16 (1955).
Mead, G.: Cruise Report, Research Vessel Anton Bruun Cruise XIII. Spec. Rep. 3, mar. Lab. Texas, A & M University Galveston, Texas (1966).
Menzies, R. J.: General results of biological investigations on the deep-sea fauna made on the USNS Eltanin (USARP) during Cruise 13 between Panamá and Valparaíso, Chile, in 1962. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 48 (2), 185–200 (1963).
Michael, E. L.: Classification and vertical distribution of Chaetognatha of the San Diego region, including redescriptions of some doubtful species of the group. Univ. Calif., Publs Zool. 8 (3), 21–170 (1911).
—: Vertical distribution of the chaetognatha of the San Diego region in relation to the question of isolation vs. coincidence. Am. Nat. 47, 17–49 (1913).
Owre, H. B.: Plankton of the Florida Current. Part VI. The chaetognatha. Bull. mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 10, 255–322 (1960).
Sheard, K.: Species groups in the zooplankton of eastern Australian slope waters, 1938–41. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 16, 219–254 (1965).
Silas, E. G. and M. Srinivasan: A new species of Eukrohnia from the Indian Seas with notes on three species of chaetognatha. J. mar. biol. Ass. India 10 (1), 1–33 (1968).
Steinhaus, O.: Die Verbreitung der Chaetognathen im südatlantischen und indischen Ozean. Inaugural Dissertation, Kiel 1896.
Sund, P.: Some features of the autecology and distribution of chaetognaths in the eastern-tropical Pacific. Bull. inter-Am. trop. Tuna Commn 5, 307–340 (1961).
—: The chaetognaths of the waters of Peru Region. Bull. inter-Am. trop. Tuna Comm. 9 (3), 115–162 (1964).
Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson and R. H. Fleming: The oceans. Their physics, chemistry and general biology, 1087 pp. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1942.
Tachindonova, J. G.: Chaetognatha of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench. Trud y Inst. Okeanol. 12, 298–310 (1955).
Thiel, M. E.: Die Chaetognathen-Bevölkerung des Südatlantischen Ozeans. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. atlant. Exped. ‘Meteor’ 1925–27 13 (1), 1–110 (1938).
Wirtki, K.: Summary of the physical oceanography of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Univ. Calif. San Diego, I.M.R. Ref. 65-10, 69 pp. (1966).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by J.A. Petersen, São Paulo
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fagetti, E. Bathymetric distribution of chaetognaths in the South Eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 17, 7–29 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346951
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346951