Advertisement

International Journal of Civil Engineering

, Volume 16, Issue 8, pp 973–992 | Cite as

Mix Design and Recycled Aggregates Effects on the Concrete’s Properties

  • Safiullah Omary
  • Elhem GhorbelEmail author
  • George Wardeh
  • Minh Duc Nguyen
Research paper
First Online:

Abstract

An experimental program was carried out to study the properties of concretes with C25/30 and C35/45 resistance classes designed using natural aggregates and recycled ones provided from construction and demolition waste (C&DW). Eight mixtures were prepared with different incorporation ratios of fine and coarse recycled aggregates. The physical and mechanical characteristics were measured and their evolution regarding to the paste volume, the equivalent replacement ratio and the quality of the interface between recycled aggregates and new paste has been investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopic observations have revealed a good quality of the interface. It was found that water porosity is more dependent on the equivalent replacement ratio than on the volume of the new paste. The same conclusions are reported for the electrical resistivity which has been related to the water porosity. Based on experimental results, it has been found that the Archie’s law predicts the electrical resistivity as a function of water porosity for all type of concrete. The effect of mix design parameters and aggregates properties on the compressive strength has been investigated and a model is proposed on the basis of Féret’s expression through experimental results and data points available in the literature. The modified expression is related to the aggregate fragmentation resistance expressed by the Los Angeles coefficient (LA). The Féret’s coefficient can be taken equal to 6.4 if LA ≤ 20% and it is inversely proportional to LA otherwise. With regard to the splitting tensile strength, it can be correlated to the electrical resistivity through a power law relationship. The elastic modulus, the peak and the ultimate strains are than rewritten as functions of the compressive strength and the replacement ratio to model the full stress–strain curve under uniaxial compression. Furthermore, the validity of using EC2 to model the evolution of all mechanical properties with age is ensured.

Keywords

Concrete Recycled aggregates Mechanical properties Porosity Electrical resistivity 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the French national research agency (ANR) for funding support.

References

  1. 1.
    UNPG, Union Nationale des Producteurs de Granulats. http://www.unpg.fr/
  2. 2.
    UNICEM, L’Union nationale des industries de carrières et matériaux de construction. http://www.unicem.fr/
  3. 3.
    Tüfekçi MM, Çakır Ö (2017) An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete with GGBFS. Int J Civ Eng 1–15Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    de Juan MS, Gutirrez PA (2009) Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Constr Build Mater 23(2):872–877CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Casuccioa M, Torrijos MC, Giaccio G, Zerbino R (2008) Failure mechanism of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 22(7):1500–1506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Xiao J, Li J, Zhang C (2005) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cem Concr Res 35(6):1187–1194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Dilbas H, Çakır Ö, Şimşek M (2017) Recycled aggregate concretes (RACs) for structural use: an evaluation on elasticity modulus and energy capacities. Int J Civ Eng 15(2):247–261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Kapoor K, Singh SP, Singh B (2016) Water permeation properties of self compacting concrete made with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. Int J Civ Eng 1–10Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Lotfy A, Al-Fayez M (2015) Performance evaluation of structural concrete using controlled quality coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregate. Cement Concr Compos 61:36–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Evangelista L, de Brito J (2007) Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cement Concr Compos 29(5):397–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Wardeh G, Ghorbel E, Gomart H (2015) Mix design and properties of recycled aggregate concretes: applicability of Eurocode 2. Int J Concr Struct Mater 9(1):1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Ravindrarajah RS, Tam CT (1985) Properties of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate. Mag Concr Res 37(130):29–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Etxeberia M, Vaguez E, Mari A, Barra M (2007) ¨Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete¨. Cem Concr Res 735(42):37Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Rodríguez-Robles D, Moran-del Pozo JM, Garcia-Gonzalez J, Guerra-Romero MI, Juan-Valdés A (2015) Effect of mixed recycled aggregates on mechanical properties of recycled concrete. Mag Concr Res 67(5):247–256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Stutzman P, Heckert A, Tebbe A, Leigh S (2014) Uncertainty in Bogue-calculated phase composition of hydraulic cements. Cem Concr Res 61–62:40–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Omary S, Ghorbel E, Wardeh G (2016) Relationships between recycled concrete aggregates characteristics and recycled aggregates concretes properties. Constr Build Mater 108:163–174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Gomez-Soberon JMV (2002) Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate: an experimental study. Cem Concr Res 32(8):1301–1311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    De Larrard F (1999) Concrete mixture proportioning: a scientific approach. Spon Press, London, Modern Concrete Technology, p 448Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Brouwers HJH (2004) The work of powers and brouwnyard revisisted: Part 1. Cem Concr Res 34:1697–1716CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Powers TC, Brownyard TL (1946) Studies of the physical properties of hardened portland cement paste. Am Concr Inst 43:469–504Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Mills RH (1966) Factors influencing cessation of hydration in water Cured Cement Pastes. Trans Res Board 90:406–424. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/sr/sr90/90-034.pdf
  22. 22.
    Tennis PD, Jennings HM (2000) A model for two types of calcium silicate hydrate in the microstructure of Portland cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 30(6):855–863CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Lin F, Meyer C (2009) Hydration kinetics modeling of Portland cement considering the effects of curing temperature and applied pressure. Cem Concr Res 39(4):255–265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Waller V (1999) Relations entre composition des bétons, éxothermie en cours de prise et résistance en compression. École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, p 297Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Kou SH (2006) Reusing recycled aggregates in structural concrete. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, p 312Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Xiao L, Ren Z, Shi W, Wei X (2016) Experimental study on chloride permeability in concrete by non-contact electrical resistivity measurement and RCM. Constr Build Mater 123:27–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Noort RV, Hunger M, Spiesz P (2016) Long-term chloride migration coefficient in slag cement-based concrete and resistivity as an alternative test method. Constr Build Mater 115:746–759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Liu Z, Zhang Y, Liu L, Jiang Q (2013) An analytical model for determining the relative electrical resistivity of cement paste and C–S–H gel. Constr Build Mater 48:647–655CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Ma H, Hou D, Li Z (2015) Two-scale modeling of transport properties of cement paste: formation factor, electrical conductivity and chloride diffusivity. Comput Mater Sci 110:270–280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Archie G (1942) The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics. Trans Am Inst Min Metal Eng 146:54–62Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Eurocode2 (2004) Design of concrete structures_Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings. ParisGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Feret R (1892) Sur la compacité des mortiers. Ann Ponts Chaussées Sér 7(4):5–164Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Boukli Hacene SMA, Ghomari F, Schoefs F, Khelidj A (2009) Etude expérimentale et statistique de l’influence de l’affaissement et de l’air occlus sur la résistance à la compression des bétons. Leban Sci J 10:81–100Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Júlio E, Dias N, Lourenço J, Silva J (2006) Feret coefficients for white self-compacting concrete. Mater Struct 39:585–591. doi: 10.1007/s11527-005-9048-x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Çakir Ö (2014) Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete with mineral additives. Constr Build Mater 68:17–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Tuyan M, Mardani-Aghabaglou A, Ramyar K (2014) Freeze-thaw resistance, mechanical and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Mater Des 53:983–991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Chakradhara RM, Bhattacharyya S, Barai S (2011) Influence of field recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concrete. Mater Struct 205–220Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Thomas C, Setién J, Polanco JA, Alaejos P, de Juan MS (2013) Durability of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 40:1054–10655CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Manzi S, Mazzotti C, Bignozzi MC (2013) ¨Short and long-term behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate¨. Cement Concr Compos 37:312–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Kou S-C, Poon C-S (2013) Long-term mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of fly ash. Cement Concr Compos 37:12–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Correia JR, de Brito J, Pereira AS (2006) Effects on concrete durability of using recycled ceramic aggregates. Mater Struct 39(2):169–177CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Belén G-F, Fernando M-A, Diego CL, Sindy S-P (2011) Stress-strain relationship in axial compression for concrete using recycled saturated coarse aggregate. Constr Build Mater 25(5):2335–2342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Malesev M, Radonjanin V, Marinkovic S (2010) Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production. Sustainability 2(5):1204–1225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Ajdukiewicz AB, Kliszczewicz AT (2007) Comparative tests of beams and columns made of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete. Adv Concr Technol 5(2):259–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Ignjatovic IS, Marinković SB, Miskovic ZM, Savić A (2013) Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams under short-term loading. Mater Struct 46:1045–1059. doi: 10.1617/s11527-012-9952-9 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Kou S-C, Poon C-S, Etxeberria M (2011) Influence of recycled aggregates on long term mechanical properties and pore size distribution of concrete. Cement Concr Compos 33(2):286–291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Breccolotti M, Materazzi AL (2010) Structural reliability of eccentrically-loaded sections in RC columns made of recycled aggregate concrete. Eng Struct 32(11):3704–3712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Kim J-K, Kim Y-Y (1996) Experimental study of the fatigue behavior of high strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 26(10):1513–1523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Butler L, West JS, Tighe SL (2011) The effect of recycled concrete aggregate properties on the bond strength between RCA concrete and steel reinforcement. Cem Concr Res 41(10):1037–1049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Bairagi NK, Ravande K, Pareek VK (1993) Behaviour of concrete with different proportions of natural and recycled aggregates. Resour Conserv Recycl 9(1–2):109–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Xiao J, Sun Y, Falkner H (2006) Seismic performance of frame structures with recycled aggregate concrete. Eng Struct 28(1):1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Cabral AEB, Schalch V, Molin DCCD, Ribeiro JLD (2010) Mechanical properties modeling of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 24(4):421–430CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Aslani F, Nejadi S (2012) Mechanical properties of conventional and self-compacting concrete: an analytical study. Constr Build Mater 36:330–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Etxeberria M, Vazquez E, Mari A, Barra M (2007) Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Res 37(5):735–742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Thomas Kang H-K, Kim W, Kwak Y-K, Hong S-G (2014) Flexural testing of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates. ACI Struct J 111(3):607–613. doi: 10.14359/51686622 Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    De Oliveira MB, Vazquez E (1996) The influence of retained moisture in aggregates from recycling on the properties of new hardened concrete. Waste Management Bulk Inert Waste: an Opportunity for Use 16(1–3):113–117Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Mohamed MA (2011) Influence de la valorisation de microfibres végétales sur la formation et la résistance aux cycles de gel-dégel de BAP. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cergy-Pontoise, p 272Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Domingo-Cabo A, Lazaro C, Lopez-Gayarre F, Serrano-Lopez MA, Serna P, Castano-Tabares JO (2009) Creep and shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 23(7):2545–2553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Fathifazl G, Razaqpur AG, Isgor OB, Abbas A, Fournier B, Foo S (2009) Flexural performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete beams. ACI Struct J 106(6):858–867Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Breccolotti M, D’Alessandro A, Roscini F, Bonfigli MF (2015) Investigation of stress–strain behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete under cyclic loads. Environ Eng nd Manag J 14(7):1543–1552Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Carreira JD, Chu K-H (1985) Stress–Strain Relationship for Plain Concrete in Compression. ACI J 72-82Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Prasad MLV, Kumar PR, Oshima T (2009) Development of analytical stress–strain model for glass fiber reinforced self compacting concrete. Int J Mech Solids 4(1):25–37Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Wee T, Chin M, Mansur M (1996) Stress–Strain relationship of high-strength concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 8(2):70–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Hognestad E A study of combined bending and axial load in reinforced concrete members, in University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station. U. Urbana (BOOK: IL, Bull. no. 399, Editor. 1951)Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Desayi P, Krishnan S (1964) Equation for the stress–strain curve of concrete. ACI J 61(3):345–350Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Mazars J, Pijaudier-Cabot G (1989) Continuum damage theory Application to concrete. ASCE Eng Mech 115(2):345–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Kumar R, Singh B, Bhargava P (2011) Flexural capacity predictions of self-compacting concrete beams using stress–strain relationship in axial compression. Mag Concr Res 36(1):49–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Iran University of Science and Technology 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Safiullah Omary
    • 1
  • Elhem Ghorbel
    • 1
    Email author
  • George Wardeh
    • 1
  • Minh Duc Nguyen
    • 1
  1. 1.University of Cergy-PontoiseNeuville-sur-OiseFrance

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options