Does the Explanatory Gap Rest on a Fallacy?
Article
First Online:
- 181 Downloads
- 1 Citations
Abstract
Many philosophers have tried to defend physicalism concerning phenomenal consciousness, by explaining dualist intuitions within a purely physicalist framework. One of the most common strategies to do so consists in interpreting the alleged “explanatory gap” between phenomenal states and physical states as resulting from a fallacy, or a cognitive illusion. In this paper, I argue that the explanatory gap does not rest on a fallacy or a cognitive illusion. This does not imply the falsity of physicalism, but it has consequences on the kind of physicalism we should embrace.
Notes
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Samuel Webb and Sonia Paz Higgins for their help, as well as Joseph Levine and Uriah Kriegel for their remarks.
References
- Aydede, M., and G. Güzeldere. 2005. Cognitive architecture, concepts, and introspection: An information-theoretic solution to the problem of phenomenal consciousness. Noûs 39 (2): 197–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Balog, K. 2012. Acquaintance and the mind-body problem. In New perspectives on type identity: The mental and the physical, ed. C. Hill and S. Gozzano. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Balog, K. 2016. Illusionism’s discontent. Journal of Consciousness Studies 23 (11–12): 40–51.Google Scholar
- Block, N., and R. Stalnaker. 1999. Conceptual analysis, dualism, and the explanatory gap. Philosophical Review 108 (1): 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chalmers, D. 1996. The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, D. 2002. Consciousness and its place in nature. In Philosophy of mind: Classical and contemporary readings, ed. D. Chalmers. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, D. 2006. Perception and the fall from Eden. In Perceptual Experience, ed. T. Szabo and J. Hawthorne, 49–125. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chalmers, D. 2009. The two-dimensional argument against materialism. In Oxford handbook of philosophy of mind, ed. B. McLaughlin. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, D., and F. Jackson. 2001. Conceptual analysis and reductive explanation. Philosophical Review 110: 315–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Diaz-León, E. 2008. Defending the phenomenal concept strategy. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 86 (4): 597–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Diaz-León, E. 2010. Can phenomenal concepts explain the epistemic gap? Mind 119 (476): 933–951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Diaz-León, E. 2014. Do a posteriori physicalists get our phenomenal concepts wrong? Ratio 27 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Elpidorou, A. 2013. Having it both ways: Consciousness, unique not otherworldy. Philosophia 41 (4): 1181–1203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Elpidorou, A. 2016. A posteriori physicalism and introspection. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 97 (4): 474–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fisk, J. (2004). Conjunction Fallacy. In R. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions. A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgment and Memory (p. 23–42). Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
- Flanagan, O. 1991. The science of the mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Frankish, K. 2016. Illusionism as a theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 23 (11–12): 11–39.Google Scholar
- Graziano, M. 2013. Consciousness and the social brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Hill, C. 1997. Imaginability, conceivability, possibility and the mind-body problem. Philosophical Studies 87: 61–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill, C., and B. McLaughlin. 1999. There are fewer things in reality than are dreamt of in Chalmers’ philosophy. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 59 (2): 445–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Humphrey, N. 2011. Soul dust: The magic of consciousness. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jackson, F. 1982. Epiphenomenal qualia. The Philosophical Quarterly 32 (April): 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kahneman, D. 2012. Thinking, fast and slow. Penguin.Google Scholar
- Kammerer, F. (2016). The hardest aspect of the illusion problem - and how to solve it. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 23 (11–12):123–139Google Scholar
- Kammerer, F. (2018a). Is the antipathetic fallacy responsible for the intuition that consciousness is distinct from the physical? Croatian Journal of Philosophy, 18(1):59–73Google Scholar
- Kammerer, F. (2018b). Can you believe it? Illusionism and the illusion meta-problem. Philosophical Psychology, 31(1):44–67Google Scholar
- Kriegel, U. 2005. Naturalizing subjective character. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 71: 23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kripke, S. 1980. Naming and necessity. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Levin, J. (2007). What is a Phenomenal Concept? In Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Levine, J. 1983. Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64 (October): 354–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Levine, J. 2001. Purple haze: The puzzle of consciousness. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Levine, J. 2007. Phenomenal concepts and the materialist constraint. In Phenomenal concepts and phenomenal knowledge: New essays on consciousness and physicalism, ed. T. Alter and S. Walter. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Levine, J. 2011. Review de consciousness, by Christopher S. Hill. Mind 120 (478): 527–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Loar, B. 1997. Phenomenal states (revised version). In The Nature of Consciousness (p. 597–616), ed. N. Block, O. Flanagan, and G. Güzeldere. MIT Press.Google Scholar
- McGinn, C. 1989. Can we solve the mind-body problem? Mind 98 (July): 349–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nagel, T. 1974. What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83 (October): 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nagel, T. 2000. The psychophysical nexus. In New essays on the a priori, ed. P. Boghossian and C. Peacocke, 432–471. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
- Nida-Rümelin, M. 2016. The illusion of illusionism. Journal of Consciousness Studies 23 (11–12): 160–171.Google Scholar
- Papineau, D. 1993. Physicalism, consciousness, and the antipathetic fallacy. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 71: 169–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Papineau, D. 2002. Thinking about consciousness. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Papineau, D. (2007). Phenomenal and Perceptual Concepts. In Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Papineau, D. 2008. Explanatory gaps and dualist intuitions. In Frontiers of consciousness, ed. L. Weiskrantz and M. Davies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Papineau, D. 2011. What exactly is the explanatory gap? Philosophia 39 (1): 5–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pereboom, D. 2009. Consciousness and introspective inaccuracy. In Appearance, Reality, and the Good: Themes from the Philosophy of Robert M. Adams (p. 156–187), ed. L. Jorgensen and S. Newlands. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Pereboom, D. 2011. Consciousness and the prospects of physicalism. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Pohl, R. (2004). Introduction: Cognitive illusions. In R. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions. A Handbook on Fallacies and Biases in Thinking, Judgement and Memory. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
- Schroer, R. 2010. Where’s the beef? Phenomenal concepts as both demonstrative and substantial. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88 (3): 505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stoljar, D. 2005. Physicalism and phenomenal concepts. Mind and Language 20 (2): 296–302.Google Scholar
- Stoljar, D. 2006. Ignorance and imagination: The epistemic origin of the problem of consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sturgeon, S. 1994. The epistemic view of subjectivity. The Journal of Philosophy 91 (5): 221–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sturgeon, S. 2000. Matters of mind. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Sundström, P. 2008. Is the mystery an illusion? Papineau on the problem of consciousness. Synthese 163 (2): 133–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sundström, P. 2011. Phenomenal concepts. Philosophy Compass 6 (4): 267–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1983. Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review 90: 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tye, M. 1995. Ten problems of consciousness : a representational theory of the phenomenal mind. Cambridge (Mass.): The. MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Tye, M. 1999. Phenomenal consciousness : The explanatory gap as a cognitive illusion. Mind 108 (432): 705–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wason, P. 1966. Reasoning. In New horizons in psychology 1, ed. B. Foss. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
- Wason, P., and P. Johnson-Laird. 1972. Psychology of Reasoning : Structure and Content. Cambridge (mass. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Nature B.V. 2018