Does gender matter in the adoption of push-pull pest management and other sustainable agricultural practices? Evidence from Western Kenya
- 74 Downloads
Abstract
This paper examines whether there is a difference in the adoption of push-pull pest management technology (PPT) and other sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) on field-plots managed by males or females and those that are jointly-managed by males and females using plot-level and gender disaggregated data from Western Kenya. The econometric results suggest that there was no gender heterogeneity in the adoption of PPT after controlling for the manager of the field-plot and plot characteristics. However, gender differences in the adoption pattern of some other SAPs were evident. Jointly-managed plots were more likely to receive animal manure and soil and water conservation measures compared to male-managed and female-managed plots. We did not find any gender differences in the adoption of maize-grain legume intercropping, crop rotation, fertilizer use and improved maize seeds. The analysis further showed a significant correlation between PPT and other SAPs, suggesting that the adoption of agricultural technologies is interrelated. Lack of evidence on gender differences suggests that promotion and dissemination of PPT can be supported equally for male and female cereal farmers. Wider adoption can be achieved through promoting awareness of the technology and offering training through field days.
Keywords
Push-pull technology Complementarity Trade-offs Plot manager Agricultural Technology Adoption Kenya AfricaNotes
Acknowledgements
This paper is based on the Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP)-Structural Transformation of African Agriculture and Rural Spaces ‘STAARS’ Project-10 and International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) research work carried out with financial support from the Government of Canada through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and the European Union through the Integrated Biological Control Applied Research Programme (IBCARP). PEP receives core funding from the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom (or UK Aid) and the IDRC. icipe also receives core funding from DFID, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Germany, and the Kenyan Government. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 91st Agricultural Economics Society Conference (AES 2017) at the Royal Dublin Society Center, Ireland. We are grateful for the useful comments from the participants at the conference. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of icipe or PEP.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
- Ade Freeman, H., & Omiti, J. M. (2003). Fertilizer use in semi-arid areas of Kenya: Analysis of smallholder farmers’ adoption behavior under liberalized markets. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 66(1), 23–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Asfaw, S., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Arslan, A., & Cattaneo, A. (2016). What determines farmers’ adaptive capacity? Empirical evidence from Malawi. Food Security, 8(3), 643–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Belderbos, R., Carree, M., Diederen, B., Lokshin, B., & Veugelers, R. (2004). Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 22(8), 1237–1263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Braun, v. J., & Kennedy, E. (1994). Agricultural Commercialization, Economic Development, and Nutrition. Washington: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
- Cappellari, L., & Jenkins, S. P. (2003). Multivariate probit regression using simulated maximum likelihood. The Stata Journal, 3(3), 278–294.Google Scholar
- Chepchirchir, R. T., Macharia, I., Murage, A. W., Midega, C. A. O., & Khan, Z. R. (2017). Impact assessment of push-pull pest management on incomes, productivity and poverty among smallholder households in Eastern Uganda. Food Security, 9(6), 1359–1372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chirwa, E. W. (2005). Adoption of fertiliser and hybrid seeds by smallholder maize farmers in Southern Malawi. Development Southern Africa, 22(1), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cook, S. M., Khan, Z. R., & Pickett, J. A. (2006). The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 52(1), 375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Croppenstedt, A., Goldstein, M., & Rosas, N. (2013). Gender and agriculture: inefficiencies, segregation, and low productivity traps. The World Bank Research Observer, lks024.Google Scholar
- De Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2001). Income strategies among rural households in Mexico: The role of off-farm activities. World Development, 29(3), 467–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Diiro, G., Ker, A. P., & Sam, A. G. (2015). The role of gender on fertilizer adoption in Uganda. African Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics, 10(2), 117–130.Google Scholar
- Dolan, C. (2001). The “Good wife”: Struggles over resources in the Kenyan horticultural sector. Journal of Development Studies, 37(3), 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Doss, C. R. (2001). Designing agricultural technology for African women farmers: Lessons from 25 years of experience. World Development, 29(12), 2075–2092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Doss, C. R., & Morris, M. L. (2000). How does gender affect the adoption of agricultural innovations? Agricultural Economics, 25(1), 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ellis, A. (2007). Gender and economic growth in Kenya: Unleashing the power of women. Washington: The World Bank.Google Scholar
- Erbaugh, J. M., Donnermeyer, J., Amujal, M., & Kidoido, M. (2010). Assessing the impact of farmer field school participation on IPM adoption in Uganda. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 17(3), 5–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Esilaba, A., Reda, F., Ransom, J., Bayu, W., Woldewahid, G., & Zemichael, B. (2000). Integrated nutrient management strategies for soil fertility improvement and Striga control on Northern Ethiopia. African Crop Science Journal, 8, 403–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fafchamps, M. (2004). Market institutions in sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and evidence. Comparative Institutional Analysis (CIA) Series, Vol. 3. Google Scholar
- Gacheru, E., & Rao, M. (2001). Managing Striga infestation on maize using organic and inorganic nutrient sources in western Kenya. International Journal of Pest Management, 47(3), 233–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gilbert, R. A., Sakala, W. D., & Benson, T. D. (2002). Gender analysis of a nationwide cropping system trial survey in Malawi. African Studies Quarterly, 6(1–2), 223–243.Google Scholar
- Gilley, J. E., Risse, L. M., & Eghball, B. (2002). Managing runoff following manure application. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 57(6), 530–533.Google Scholar
- Glazebrook, T. (2011). Women and climate change: A case-study from Northeast Ghana. Hypatia, 26(4), 762–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Government of Kenya (GoK). (2010). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy, 2010–2020. Retrieved from http://www.ascu.go.ke/DOCS/ASDS%20Final.pdf.
- Greene, W. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th ed.). England: Pearson Higher Education.Google Scholar
- Heltberg, R., & Tarp, F. (2002). Agricultural supply response and poverty in Mozambique. Food Policy, 27(2), 103–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Heyer, A. (2006). The gender of wealth: markets & power in Central Kenya. Review of African Political Economy, 33(107), 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kassie, M., Zikhali, P., Manjur, K., & Edwards, S. (2009). Adoption of sustainable agriculture practices: Evidence from a semi-arid region of Ethiopia. Natural Resources Forum, 33(3), 189–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kassie, M., Kohlin, G., Bluffstone, R. A., & Holden, S. (2011). Are soil conservation technologies “win-win?” A case study of Anjeni in the north-western Ethiopian highlands. Natural Resource Forum, 35(2), 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kassie, M., Teklewold, H., Jaleta, M., Marenya, P., & Erenstein, O. (2015). Understanding the adoption of a portfolio of sustainable intensification practices in eastern and southern Africa. Land Use Policy, 42(1), 400–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., & Pickett, J. A. (2004). The ‘push-pull’ strategy for stemborer management: a case study in exploiting biodiversity and chemical ecology. In G. M. Gurr, S. D. Wratten, & M. A. Altieri (Eds.), Ecological Engineering for Pest Management: Advances in Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods (pp. 155–164). Wallingford: CABI Publ.Google Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., Pickett, J., Wadhams, L., & Muyekho, F. (2001). Habitat management strategies for the control of cereal stemborers and Striga in maize in Kenya. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 21(4), 375–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., Hassanali, A., Overholt, W., Khamis, T. M., Hooper, A. M., Pickett, J. A., Wadhams, L. J., & Woodcock, C. M. (2002). Control of witchweed Striga hermonthica by intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the mechanism defined as allelopathic. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 28(9), 1871–1885.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., Amudavi, D. M., Midega, C. A., Wanyama, J. M., & Pickett, J. A. (2008a). Farmers’ perceptions of a “push–pull” technology for control of cereal stemborers and Striga weed in western Kenya. Crop Protection, 27(6), 976–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., Midega, C. A., Amudavi, D. M., Hassanali, A., & Pickett, J. A. (2008b). On-farm evaluation of the “push–pull” technology for the control of stemborers and striga weed on maize in western Kenya. Field Crops Research, 106(3), 224–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Khan, Z. R., Midega, C. A., Pittchar, J. O., Murage, A. W., Birkett, M. A., Bruce, T. J., & Pickett, J. A. (2014). Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 369(1639), 20120284.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Kristjanson, P., Waters-Bayer, A., Johnson, N., Tipilda, A., Njuki, J., Baltenweck, I., Delia G., & MacMillan, S. (2014). Livestock and women’s livelihoods. In Gender in Agriculture (pp. 209–233). Springer.Google Scholar
- Marenya, P. P., & Barrett, C. B. (2007). Household-level determinants of adoption of improved natural resources management practices among smallholder farmers in western Kenya. Food Policy, 32(4), 515–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Marenya, P., Kassie, M., & Tostao, E. (2015). Fertilizer use on individually and jointly managed crop plots in Mozambique. Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, 1(2), 62–83.Google Scholar
- Midega, C. A. O., Bruce, T. J. A., Pickett, J. A., Pittchar, J. O., Murage, A., & Khan, Z. R. (2015). Climate-adapted companion cropping increases agricultural productivity in East Africa. Field Crops Research, 180, 118–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Minten, B., & Barrett, C. B. (2008). Agricultural technology, productivity, and poverty in Madagascar. World Development, 36(5), 797–822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Moock, P. R. (1976). The efficiency of women as farm managers: Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58(5), 831–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murage, A., Obare, G., Chianu, J., Amudavi, D., Pickett, J., & Khan, Z. R. (2011). Duration analysis of technology adoption effects of dissemination pathways: a case of “push–pull” technology for control of striga weeds and stemborers in Western Kenya. Crop Protection, 30(5), 531–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murage, A., Midega, C., Pittchar, J., Pickett, J., & Khan, Z. R. (2015a). Determinants of adoption of climate-smart push-pull technology for enhanced food security through integrated pest management in eastern Africa. Food Security, 7(3), 709–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Murage, A., Pittchar, J., Midega, C., Onyango, C., & Khan, Z. R. (2015b). Gender specific perceptions and adoption of the climate-smart push–pull technology in eastern Africa. Crop Protection, 76, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ndiritu, S. W., Kassie, M., & Shiferaw, B. (2014). Are there systematic gender differences in the adoption of sustainable agricultural intensification practices? Evidence from Kenya. Food Policy, 49(Part 1(0)), 117–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Njuki, J., Kaaria, S., Chamunorwa, A., & Chiuri, W. (2011). Linking smallholder farmers to markets, gender and intra-household dynamics: Does the choice of commodity matter & quest. European Journal of Development Research, 23(3), 426–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ogborn, J. (1984). Striga: Research priorities with specific reference to agronomy. In E. S. Ayensu, H. Dogget, R. D. Keynes, J. Marton-Lefevre, L. J. Musselman, C. Parker, & A. Pickering (Eds.), Striga: Biology and control (pp. 195–212). Ottawa: ICSU press, IDRC.Google Scholar
- Peterman, A., Behrman, J. A., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2014). A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Nonland Agricultural Inputs, Technology, and Services in Developing Countries. In A. R. Quisumbing, R. Meinzen-Dick, L. T. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, A. J. Behrman, & A. Peterman (Eds.), Gender in Agriculture: Closing the Knowledge Gap (pp. 145–186). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8616-4_7.
- Pingali, P. (2007). Agricultural growth and economic development: a view through the globalization lens. Agricultural Economics, 37(s1), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Quisumbing, A. R., & Pandolfelli, L. (2010). Promising approaches to address the needs of poor female farmers: Resources, constraints, and interventions. World Development, 38(4), 581–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Robson, T. O., & Broad, H. (1989). Striga, Improved Management in Africa: Proceedings of the FAO/OAU All-Africa Government Consultation on Striga Control, Maroua, Cameroon, 20–24 October 1988. Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN.Google Scholar
- Sanchez, P. E. (2002). Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Science, 295, 2019–2020.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Shiferaw, B., Kebede, T., Kassie, M., & Fisher, M. (2015). Market imperfections, access to information and technology adoption in Uganda: challenges of overcoming multiple constraints. Agricultural Economics, 46(4), 475–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Teklewold, H., Kassie, M., & Shiferaw, B. (2013). Adoption of multiple sustainable agricultural practices in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(3), 597–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Udry, C. (1996). Gender, agricultural production, and the theory of the household. Journal of Political Economy, 104(5), 1010–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wainaina, P., Tongruksawattana, S., & Qaim, M. (2016). Tradeoffs and complementarities in the adoption of improved seeds, fertilizer, and natural resource management technologies in Kenya. Agricultural Economics, 47(3), 351–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wollni, M., Lee, D. R., & Thies, J. E. (2010). Conservation agriculture, organic marketing, and collective action in the Honduran hillsides. Agricultural Economics, 41(3–4), 373–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- World Bank. (2011). World development report 2011: conflict, security, and development. Washington: The World Bank.CrossRefGoogle Scholar