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State of the Art in Control of Inclusions, Their Characterization, and Future Requirements

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Abstract

Because of the growing demand of cleaner and defect-free steels, faster and more reliable offline steel cleanliness determination methods combined with online techniques are finding increasing usage to study steel refining and casting issues. Because a single-steel characterization technique is not sufficient to provide answers to all process problems, a combination of these techniques is often used to find a customized solution of the problem. This article reviews the past experiences on steel cleanliness examination to standardize the inclusion-characterization techniques and their applications for both experienced and novice researchers. The article also proposes a suite of techniques as a reference tool to facilitate clean steelmaking research at ArcelorMittal Group more effectively in the future. Examples of use of automated scanning electron microscopy and pulse discrimination analysis are provided.

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Abbreviations

A B:

automated SEM machines used in round robin study to compare inclusion indices

C D:

spectrometers used in round robin study to measure the glob index (GI)

E F G:

LECO combustion analyzers used in round robin study to measure total oxygen (OT)

P1 P2:

plants that showed different sliver performance with use of FeTi 70 pct and FeTi 30 pct

M N:

FeSi alloys studied for their impact on castability

X Y:

two TiSULC heats with clear differences in inclusion composition and clogging behavior

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the help of P. Osmont, B. Barbi, J.-L. Gandar, S. Jacques, S. Schuldt, N. Jin, L. Keippel, D. Funk, K. Abretske, L. Laus, and J. Thacker of ArcelorMittal R&D for the analytical work performed on the steel samples for the round robin study. They express their appreciation to H. Pielet (project leader), H. Yin, D. Kruse, and M. Lowry for their valuable comments on this research. They also thank the technical staff of R.J. Lee Group, Pittsburgh, PA, for comments about comparative study on SEMs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Steelmaking and Refractories, ArcelorMittal Global Research and Development, East Chicago, IN, 46312, USA

    P. Kaushik (Senior Researcher)

  2. Process Engineering Division, ArcelorMittal Global Research and Development, Voie Romaine, BP 30320, 57283, Maizieres-les-Metz, France

    J. Lehmann (Expert)

  3. Steelmaking Process Division, ArcelorMittal Global Research and Development, Voie Romaine, BP 30320, 57283, Maizieres-les-Metz, France

    M. Nadif (Researcher)

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  1. P. Kaushik
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Correspondence to P. Kaushik.

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Manuscript Submitted August 5, 2011.

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Kaushik, P., Lehmann, J. & Nadif, M. State of the Art in Control of Inclusions, Their Characterization, and Future Requirements. Metall Mater Trans B 43, 710–725 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-012-9646-2

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