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Effect of Incorporating White, Red or Black Quinoa Flours on Free and Bound Polyphenol Content, Antioxidant Activity and Colour of Bread

  • Jaime Ballester-Sánchez
  • Jose Vicente Gil
  • Claudia Monika Haros
  • María Teresa Fernández-EspinarEmail author
Article
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Abstract

Interest in quinoa as a functional food ingredient is currently emerging. The flours from white, red and black quinoa seeds were analysed in terms of total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. They were incorporated at 25% on flour basis into the bread dough formula to evaluate their potential to improve the functional properties of wheat breads. The contribution of extractable polyphenols (soluble forms) and the largely unexplored hydrolysable polyphenols (bound forms that can be found in the residues of the former) were taken into account to reflect a realistic health-promoting potential of breads. The red and black quinoa varieties stood out compared to wheat flour, with about double the polyphenol content and up to 4.7-fold increments in antioxidant activity when considering the sum of extractable and hydrolysable polyphenols. The red and black flours were equally effective in intensifying the antioxidant properties of bread despite the baking process (between 2- and 3-fold). They produced significant changes in the parameters that describe crust and crumb colour (L*, a*, b*). A clear darkening was observed compared to the control bread, an appealing attribute for lovers of unconventional and natural products. According to our results, the flours from the coloured quinoa seeds could be considered interesting antioxidant sources and be applied as natural ingredients in bread-making; new, promising and valuable unconventional products for consumers and producers could be developed.

Keywords

Quinoa flours (white, red and black) Bread Free and bound polyphenols Total polyphenol content Antioxidant activity Colour 

Abbreviations

AC

Antioxidant capacity

EPF

Extractable polyphenol fraction

HPF

Hydrolysable polyphenol fraction

PC

Polyphenol content

TAC

Total antioxidant capacity

TPC

Total polyphenol content

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Notes

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by grants AGL2016-75687-C2-1-R (MEIC-Spain), PROMETEO/2017/189 (Generalitat Valenciana, Spain) and CYTED 119RT0567 (Spain). J. Ballester-Sánchez thanks the Spanish MEIC for his contract.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

Supplementary material

11130_2019_718_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (39 kb)
ESM 1 Detailed description of Material and Methods (PDF 38 kb)
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© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)PaternaSpain
  2. 2.Food Technology Area, Faculty of PharmacyUniversidad de ValenciaBurjassotSpain

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