Multimedia Tools and Applications

, Volume 77, Issue 7, pp 7931–7953 | Cite as

Detecting median filtering via two-dimensional AR models of multiple filtered residuals

  • Jianquan Yang
  • Honglei Ren
  • Guopu Zhu
  • Jiwu Huang
  • Yun-Qing Shi
Article
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Abstract

Median filtering, being an order statistic filtering, has been widely used in image denoising and recently also in image anti-forensics and anti-steganalysis. In the past few years, several methods have been developed for median filtering detection. However, it is still a challenging task to detect median filtering in JPEG compressed images. In this paper, we propose a novel method to solve this challenging task. We first generate median filtered residual (MFR), average filtered residual (AFR) and Gaussian filtered residual (GFR) by calculating the differences between an original image and its filtered images. Then, we propose to use two-dimensional autoregressive (2D-AR) model to characterize MFR, AFR and GFR separately, and further combine the 2D-AR coefficients of these three residuals into a set of features. Finally, the extracted feature set is fed into a support vector machine classifier for training and detection. Extensive experiments have demonstrated that compared with existing methods, the proposed one can achieve a considerable improvement in detecting median filtering in heavily compressed images.

Keywords

Image forensics Median filtering detection Autoregressive (AR) model Filtered residual 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61572489 and Grant 61672554, and in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS under Grant 2015299.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
  2. 2.Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
  3. 3.State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
  4. 4.College of Information EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
  5. 5.Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkUSA

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